Table 7 2SLS results on the determinants of household income and food expenditure Source: Author computation from HBS (2017/18) data

Age of household head (years)

0.0177***

0.0178***

(0.00285)

(0.00367)

Age of household head (years)²

− 0.000160***

− 0.000142***

(0.0000282)

(0.0000363)

Household size

0.0853***

0.0857***

(0.00286)

(0.00371)

Sex of household head (1 = male, 0 = female)

0.0562*

0.0678**

(0.0083)

(0.0037)

Household location (1 = rural, 0 = urban)

− 0.302***

− 0.242***

(0.0162)

(0.0227)

Marital status (1 = married, 0 = not married)

0.0287

0.0352

(0.0199)

(0.0219)

Education (1 ≥ secondary, 0 = primary + no formal education)

0.229***

0.148***

(0.0224)

(0.0108)

Group membership (1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.151***

(0.0241)

Asset Ownership(1 = yes, 0 = no)

0.208***

(0.0542)

Ln (Annual household income in TZS)

− 

0.722***

(0.0588)

Constant

10.92***

1.274

(0.152)

(0.816)

R²

0.1982

0.0471

F(9, 7325); prob > F

201.2; 0.0000

Breusch–Pagan χ² (1); prob > χ²

0.06; 0.8083

Durbin χ² (1)

230.1 (p = 0.0000)

Wu-Hausman F (1, 7327)

237.3 (p = 0.0000)

First stage summary statistics

 F(9, 7325); prob > F (H₀ = weak IV)

180.96; 0.0000

 Sargan χ² (1)

0.1593 (p = 0.6898)

 Basmann χ² (1)

0.1592 (p = 0.6899)

 N

7335

7335