An overview of food insecurity during the global COVID-19 outbreak: transformative change and priorities for the Middle East

Table 1 Indicators of food security as the primary outcome of COVID-19 pandemic impacts

Food security dimensions	Food insecurity outcomes
Availability	Adequacy of dietary energy supply Food production value Dietary energy sources provided by cereals, roots, and tubers Adequacy of protein source Animal protein source
Access	Gross domestic product per capita (in purchasing power equivalent) Index of domestic food price Undernourishment prevalence Ratio of food expenditure of the poor to total expenditure Depths of the food deficit Prevalence of food inadequacy
Utilization	Wasting in under 5 year children Stunting in under 5 year children Underweight in adults and under 5 year children Anemia prevalence in pregnant women and under 5 year children Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency
Stability	Cereal import dependency ratio Import-to-export ratio of foodstuffs-violence/terrorism and political stability Volatility in domestic food price Variability of per capita food production diversity Variability of per capita food supply diversity
Food insecurity score and/or prevalence based on validated perception-based measures

ISSN: 2048-7010