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Table 9 Factors associated to the variation of the coping strategy index (CSI)

From: Food insecurity, coping strategies, and resilience of agricultural cooperative members during COVID-19 in West Africa

Models

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

 

All countries

All countries excluding Mali

Ivory Coast

Ghana

Senegal

Estimator

ML

ML

OLS

OLS

OLS

Type of cooperative (1 if active cooperative 0 if poorly/not active cooperative)

− 10.09***

(− 3.99)

− 13.94***

(− 7.61)

− 12.24***

(− 13.80)

− 6.469*

(− 2.25)

− 2.836*

(− 2.12)

Gender of respondent (1 if men, 0 if women)

0.933

(1.37)

1.142

(1.10)

2.083*

(2.45)

0.064

(0.02)

− 0.268

(− 0.16)

Education of respondent

     

Literate level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

2.109*

(2.40)

4.644*

(2.75)

− 4.143

(− 1.01)

8.511*

(2.50)

2.159

(1.17)

Primary level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.338

(0.43)

1.009

(0.83)

0.935

(1.15)

0.236

(0.07)

1.460

(0.82)

Secondary/technical level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

− 1.037

(− 1.13)

− 0.516

(− 0.40)

0.444

(0.56)

− 1.069

(− 0.21)

1.560

(0.81)

University/tertiary level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

− 5.071*

(− 2.26)

− 3.657

(− 1.37)

− 2.605

(− 1.92)

5.806

(1.19)

− 1.201

(− 0.48)

Plot ownership by respondent (1 if Yes, 0 if not)

1.630*

(1.99)

2.118

(1.80)

0.294

(0.30)

0.904

(0.21)

2.410

(1.52)

Loss of income due to COVID-19 from March to October 2020 by respondent (1 if Yes, 0 if No)

1.383*

(2.13)

1.812*

(2.14)

0.662

(0.86)

11.12***

(3.51)

− 0.375

(− 0.20)

Age of respondent (number of years)

0.005

(0.22)

0.034

(0.90)

− 0.022

(− 0.73)

0.132

(1.08)

0.067

(1.23)

Type of crops usually grown by respondent (1 if food crops, 0 if cash crops)

0.448

(0.57)

1.650

(1.61)

0.492

(0.46)

0.642

(0.10)

2.583

(1.34)

Agriculture as usually main occupation of respondent (1 if Yes, 0 otherwise)

2.610*

(2.30)

3.303*

(2.28)

1.063

(0.59)

7.721

(1.96)

− 0.352

(− 0.25)

Ivory Coast

8.731a***

(8.71)

4.796b**

(3.79)

   

Ghana

23.37a***

(16.31)

17.70b***

(12.74)

   

Senegal

6.227a***

(8.01)

    

_cons

− 1.871

(− 0.98)

1.542

(0.58)

11.27***

(4.79)

0.402

(0.05)

− 1.194

(− 0.36)

/athrho

0.37*

(2.04)

0.363**

(3.08)

   

/lnsigma

2.238***

(43.88)

2.399***

(52.74)

   

LR (rho = 0): Prob > chi2

0.0416

0.0021

   

Instrumental variables

Marketing channels disrupted by COVID-19

Marketing channels disrupted by COVID-19

–

–

 

Instrumented

Type of cooperative

Type of cooperative

–

–

–

N

1062

599

276

177

146

  1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. The impact of the type of cooperative on coping strategies is measured by \(\frac{\partial {\Delta CSI}_{i}}{\partial {C}_{ji}}={\alpha }_{j}^{,}\) . A negative sign should be interpreted as follows: membership an active cooperative is associated with less aggravation of coping strategies used (smaller ∆CSI)
  2. aReference country = Mali
  3. bReference country = Senegal. The p-value obtained from the Shapiro–Wilk test assumes that the distribution is normal. The presence of multicollinearity was assessed by calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF). In our case, all VIFs calculated were inferior to 10, indicating a low risk of multicollinearity [119]
  4. *p < 0.05
  5. **p < 0.01
  6. ***p < 0.001
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Agriculture & Food Security

ISSN: 2048-7010