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Table 8 Factors associated to the variation of the FIES raw scores

From: Food insecurity, coping strategies, and resilience of agricultural cooperative members during COVID-19 in West Africa

Models

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

All countries

All countries excluding Mali

Ivory Coast

Ghana

Senegal

Estimator

ML

ML

OLS

OLS

ML

Type of cooperative (1 if active cooperative, 0 if poorly/not active cooperative)

− 3.177**

(− 7.34)

− 4.880***

(− 7.94)

− 3.632***

(− 10.15)

− 0.758

(− 1.58)

0.240

(0.44)

Gender of respondent (1 if men, 0 if women)

0.008

(0.05)

− 0.108

(− 0.37)

0.430

(1.11)

− 1.317**

(− 2.64)

− 0.109

(− 0.22)

Education of respondent

     

Literate level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

0.216

(0.95)

0.273

(0.62)

0.398

(0.17)

0.994

(1.69)

− 0.285

(− 0.47)

Primary level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

(0.84)

0.168

0.689*

(2.06)

0.357

(0.98)

0.722

(1.10)

0.240

(0.39)

Secondary/technical level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

− 0.105

(− 0.41)

0.031

(0.08)

0.499

(1.17)

0.412

(0.47)

− 0.091

(− 0.14)

University/tertiary level (Yes = 1, No = 0)

− 2.320***

(− 3.48)

− 1.890*

(− 2.17)

− 0.951**

(− 2.94)

0.237

(0.21)

− 1.181

(− 1.12)

Plot ownership by respondent (1 if Yes, 0 if not)

0.094

(0.41)

− 0.006

(− 0.02)

− 0.462

(− 1.08)

− 0.598

(− 0.77)

− 0.410

(− 0.79)

Loss of income due to COVID-19 from March to October 2020 by respondent (1 if Yes, 0 if not)

0.078

(0.42)

0.040

(0.12)

0.0717

(0.21)

2.193**

(2.81)

− 0.193

(− 0.27)

Age of respondent (number of years)

0.0035

(0.52)

0.02

(1.82)

0.0119

(0.80)

0.0286

(1.42)

0.0429**

(2.70)

Type of crops usually grown by respondent (1 if food crops, 0 if cash crops)

− 0.007

(− 0.02)

0.368

(0.97)

− 0.0393

(− 0.09)

− 5.030***

(− 3.95)

1.541*

(2.00)

Agriculture as usually main occupation of respondent (1 if Yes, 0 otherwise)

1.068***

(3.71)

1.596***

(3.89)

1.297*

(2.06)

2.616**

(3.16)

0.238

(0.53)

Ivory Coast

2.622a***

(8.00)

1.271b**

(3.31)

   

Ghana

5.446a***

(19.82)

3.685b***

(12.13)

   

Senegal

1.739a***

(7.25)

    

_cons

0.246

(0.44)

1.414

(1.60)

2.633**

(2.82)

5.610***

(3.54)

− 1.462

(− 1.20)

/athrho

0.549***

(4.79)

0.749***

(4.96)

  

− 0.557***

(− 3.66)

/lnsigma

0.901***

(21.73)

1.098***

(21.52)

  

0.846***

(12.35)

LR (rho = 0): Prob > chi2

0.0000

0.0000

  

0.0002

Instrumental Variables

Marketing channels disrupted by COVID-19

Marketing channels disrupted by COVID-19

–

–

MANJACK

Instrumented

Type of cooperative

Type of cooperative

–

–

Type of cooperative

N

1063

600

276

178

146

  1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. The p-value obtained from the Shapiro–Wilk test assumes that the distribution is normal. The presence of multicollinearity was assessed by calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF). In our case, all VIFs calculated were inferior to 10, indicating a low risk of multicollinearity [119]. The impact of the type of cooperative on FI is measured by \(\frac{\partial {\Delta CSI}_{i}}{\partial {C}_{ji}}={\alpha }_{j}\). A negative sign should be interpreted as follows: membership in an active cooperative is associated with less aggravation of food insecurity (smaller ∆RS)
  2. aReference country = Mali
  3. bReference country = Senegal
  4. *p < 0.05
  5. **p < 0.01
  6. ***p < 0.001
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Agriculture & Food Security

ISSN: 2048-7010