Table 6 Two-step system GMM model, alternative food security indicators
From: New evidence in the relationship between trade openness and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLES | SDES | SDES | SDES | PCFSV | PCFSV | PCFSV |
SDES (-1) | -0.218 | 0.124** | 0.510*** | |||
(0.168) | (0.052) | (0.033) | ||||
PCFSV (-1) | 0.239*** | 0.083** | 0.569*** | |||
(0.058) | (0.041) | (0.049) | ||||
Openness | 0.052*** | 0.077*** | 0.121*** | 0.094*** | ||
(0.014) | (0.020) | (0.036) | (0.030) | |||
Globalization | 0.125***(0.004) | 0.034*** (0.009) | ||||
Corruption | 0.244* | -1.225*** | ||||
(0.128) | (0.349) | |||||
Remittances | 0.204** | 0.388** | 0.039** | 0.082 | 0.161 | -0.020 |
(0.079) | (0.157) | (0.017) | (0.236) | (0.225) | (0.180) | |
Education | 0.004*** | 0.004*** | 0.001** | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Log (DGP) | -0.126 | 0.340* | 0.169*** | 1.387*** | 0.900*** | 0.664*** |
(0.121) | (0.177) | (0.021) | (0.243) | (0.286) | (0.228) | |
SAGDP | -0.013 | 0.021*** | -0.001 | 0.027** | 0.032*** | 0.009 |
(0.009) | (0.008) | (0.001) | (0.012) | (0.011) | (0.010) | |
Population growth | -0.562*** | -0.822*** | -0.046** | -0.561*** | -0.837*** | -0.932** |
(0.110) | (0.169) | (0.020) | (0.201) | (0.185) | (0.453) | |
Natural disasters | -0.321*** | -0.394*** | 0.013 | -0.218*** | -0.166*** | 0.023 |
(0.070) | (0.067) | (0.015) | (0.058) | (0.049) | (0.026) | |
Inflation | -0.175*** | -0.100*** | -0.010*** | -0.156** | -0.017 | 0.003 |
(0.038) | (0.030) | (0.003) | (0.064) | (0.052) | (0.027) | |
Agri. Productivity | 0.007*** | 0.009*** | 0.001*** | 0.005** | 0.002 | 0.011*** |
(0.001) | (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |
Landlocked | 0.016 | 0.025 | -0.001 | -0.121*** | -0.033 | -0.037 |
(0.010) | (0.016) | (0.002) | (0.043) | (0.054) | (0.056) | |
Constant | 19.653 | -517.651*** | 121.639*** | 306.152*** | 916.750*** | 753.158*** |
(133.662) | (185.779) | (22.002) | (221.044) | (257.355) | (262.206) | |
Observations | 442 | 414 | 442 | 414 | 414 | 414 |
Number of countries | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Number of instruments | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
AR1 test | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
AR2 test | 0.724 | 0.930 | 0.347 | 0.240 | 0.754 | 0.151 |
Hansen test | 0.515 | 0.260 | 0.412 | 0.241 | 0.099 | 0.607 |
Diff-Hansen | 0.841 | 0.292 | 0.656 | 0.092 | 0.173 | 0.169 |