Table 7 Model 2: Gender parity gap and household food security outcomes.

Gender parity gap (= 0 if woman enjoys gender parity, “gap” if not)

\({-628.592}^{***}\)

\((241.551)\)

\({-3819.295}^{***}\)

\((1229.753)\)

\({-10.332}^{**}\)

\((4.962)\)

\({-67.402}^{***}\)

\((25.333)\)

\(-0.238\)

\((0.146)\)

\({-1.100}^{***}\)

\((0.421)\)

Age of primary male (years)

\({-16.508}^{***}\)

\((4.442)\)

\({-11.272}^{***}\)

\((5.105)\)

\(-0.039\)

\((0.112)\)

\(0.053\)

\((0.112)\)

\(0.001\)

\((0.002)\)

\(0.003\)

\((0.002)\)

Age of primary female (years)

\({20.516}^{***}\)

\((4.538)\)

\({21.348}^{***}\)

\((5.684)\)

\({0.283}^{**}\)

\((0.111)\)

\({0.303}^{**}\)

\((0.132)\)

\(0.001\)

\((0.003)\)

\(0.001\)

\((0.002)\)

Primary male is literate (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\(-20.376\)

\((92.019)\)

\(-81.802\)

\((114.904)\)

\(1.849\)

\((1.948)\)

\(0.752\)

\((2.386)\)

\(-0.003\)

\((0.053)\)

\(-0.002\)

\((0.004)\)

Primary female is literate (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\(-12.097\)

\((88.348)\)

\(9.447\)

\((111.072)\)

\({6.257}^{***}\)

\((2.146)\)

\({6.645}^{***}\)

\((2.526)\)

\(0.078\)

\((0.053)\)

\({0.076}^{**}\)

\((0.035)\)

Household Size

\({-164.175}^{***}\)

\((18.486)\)

\({-122.730}^{***}\)

\((27.526)\)

\({-1.218}^{**}\)

\((0.428)\)

\(-0.479\)

\((0.559)\)

\(-0.015\)

\((0.014)\)

\(-0.011\)

\((0.012)\)

Proportion of male household members

\(-498.639\)

\((399.302)\)

\(-655.192\)

\((482.857)\)

\({13.723}^{**}\)

\((5.818)\)

\(10.916\)

\((7.802)\)

\(0.096\)

\((0.215)\)

\(0.051\)

\((0.110)\)

Proportion of female household members

\(-354.529\)

\((406.261)\)

\(-535.344\)

\((490.128)\)

\({12.387}^{**}\)

\((6.039)\)

\(9.162\)

\((8.153)\)

\(0.073\)

\((0.231)\)

\(0.002\)

\((0.131)\)

Proportion of adult (15–65 years old)

\(\begin{array}{c}{1256.449}^{**}\\ (517.794)\end{array}\)

\({1705.395}^{***}\)

\((562.580)\)

\({31.286}^{***}\)

\((8.728)\)

\({39.324}^{***}\)

\((9.246)\)

\(0.232\)

\((0.245)\)

\({0.321}^{**}\)

\((0.132)\)

Proportion of dependent (< 15 and > 65 years old) household members

\({1620.524}^{***}\)

\((521.454)\)

\({2147.506}^{***}\)

\((583.422)\)

\({32.452}^{***}\)

\((9.078)\)

\({41.868}^{***}\)

\((9.869)\)

\(0.334\)

\((0.259)\)

\({0.472}^{***}\)

\((0.163)\)

Landholding size (in hectare)

\({188.525}^{**}\)

\((82.746)\)

\({144.729}^{**}\)

\((72.717)\)

\(0.543\)

\((2.686)\)

\(-3.089\)

\((3.301)\)

\({0.117}^{*}\)

\((0.068)\)

\({0.082}^{*}\)

\((0.042)\)

Market distance (walking minutes)

\(-0.082\)

\((1.323)\)

\(-1.636\)

\((1.535)\)

\(0.033\)

\((0.024)\)

\(0.004\)

\((0.031)\)

\(-0.001\)

\((0.001)\)

\(0.001\)

\((0.001)\)

Number of staple food crops produced

\({149.999}^{***}\)

\((40.157)\)

\({200.828}^{***}\)

\((46.469)\)

\(0.621\)

\((0.703)\)

\({1.510}^{*}\)

\((0.851)\)

\(0.017\)

\((0.018)\)

\({0.031}^{**}\)

\((0.012)\)

Value of food crop production (2021)

\({433.941}^{***}\)

\((94.638)\)

\({265.404}^{**}\)

\((125.988)\)

\({5.723}^{***}\)

\((2.013)\)

\(2.702\)

\((2.513)\)

\({0.118}^{**}\)

\((0.049)\)

\({0.078}^{**}\)

\((0.039)\)

Tropical livestock units

\({45.287}^{*}\)

\((27.305)\)

\(23.574\)

\((28.519)\)

\(-0.584\)

\((0.483)\)

\({-0.973}^{*}\)

\((0.545)\)

\(-0.005\)

\((0.013)\)

\(-0.012\)

\((0.013)\)

Number of cows owned by households

\({116.598}^{*}\)

\((46.798)\)

\({121.361}^{**}\)

\((54.487)\)

\({5.435}^{***}\)

\((1.023)\)

\({5.514}^{***}\)

\((1.077)\)

\({0.068}^{***}\)

\((0.023)\)

\({0.072}^{***}\)

\((0.024)\)

Household participates in off-farm activities (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({402.606}^{***}\)

\((101.061)\)

\({385.144}^{***}\)

\((119.401)\)

\({9.513}^{***}\)

\((2.303)\)

\({9.189}^{***}\)

\((2.603)\)

\({0.103}^{**}\)

\((0.049)\)

\({0.090}^{***}\)

\((0.031)\)

Location dummies: household is from

Holo’o Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({782.631}^{***}\)

\((248.949)\)

\(447.398\)

\((285.598)\)

\({-15.344}^{***}\)

\((4.23)\)

\({-21.328}^{***}\)

\((5.239)\)

\(-0.052\)

\((0.112)\)

\({-0.129}^{*}\)

\((0.068)\)

Shama Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\(143.059\)

\((132.428)\)

\(226.396\)

\((161.691)\)

\(4.033\)

\((3.134)\)

\({5.518}^{*}\)

\((3.286)\)

\(0.102\)

\((0.080)\)

\({0.133}^{***}\)

\((0.052)\)

Doko Masho Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({626.882}^{***} (182.545)\)

\({479.669}^{**}\)

\((202.112)\)

\(0.155\)

\((3.183)\)

\(-2.478\)

\((3.953)\)

\(0.001\)

\((0.103)\)

\(-0.023\)

\((0.062)\)

Zardo Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({486.445}^{***} (148.050)\)

\({475.725}^{***}\)

\((171.592)\)

\({-16.365}^{***}\)

\((3.913)\)

\({-16.555}^{***}\)

\((4.153)\)

\(-0.029\)

\((0.078)\)

\(-0.022\)

\((0.062)\)

Losha Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({-742.797}^{***}\)

\((184.593)\)

\({-834.066}^{***}\)

\((211.172)\)

\({12.349}^{***}\)

\((4.309)\)

\({10.732}^{**}\)

\((4.745)\)

\(0.078\)

\((0.112)\)

\(0.079\)

\((0.068)\)

Dele Weyza Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\(186.889\)

\((164.660)\)

\({511.195}^{**}\)

\((224.861)\)

\(-2.189\)

\((3.749)\)

\(3.612\)

\((5.613)\)

\(0.055\)

\((0.114)\)

\(0.129\)

\((0.089)\)

Gale Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\({834.508}^{***}\)

\((136.217)\)

\({1073.984}^{***}\)

\((176.918)\)

\(-0.493\)

\((2.354)\)

\(3.788\)

\((3.358)\)

\(0.106\)

\((0.083)\)

\({0.162}^{***}\)

\((0.060)\)

Fango Kebele (= 1, 0 otherwise)

\(208.967\)

\((149.390)\)

\(84.099\)

\((184.741)\)

\({-4.446}^{*}\)

\((2.589)\)

\({-6.685}^{**}\)

\((3.156)\)

\(0.053\)

\((0.092)\)

\(0.012\)

\((0.051)\)

Constant

\({-2633.931}^{**}\)

\((1041.839)\)

\(-963.838\)

\((1406.372)\)

\({-71.23}^{***}\)

\((19.71)\)

\(-41.35\)

\((27.06)\)

\(0.01\)

\((0.59)\)

\(0.39\)

\((0.39)\)

F(25, 359)

Wald chi2 [25]

\(50.80\)

\(1031.78\)

\(36.43\)

\(801.96\)

LR Chi sq. [25]

\(222.82\)

\({R}^{2}\)

\(0.77\)

\(0.68\)

\(0.66\)

\(0.55\)

Pseudo \({R}^{2}\)

\(0.13\)

Model diagnostics

Hansen J. p, Ho: instruments valid

\(0.422\)

\(0.550\)

\(0.716\)

Under ID test p, Ho: underidentified

(Kleibergen–Paap rk LM test)

\(0.000\)

\(0.000\)

Weak ID test, p

(Kleibergen–Paap rk Wald F test)

\(0.000\)

\(0.000\)

Anderson–Rubin test: Ho: endogenous variable is irrelevant

 A–R Wald F test, p value

\(0.001\)

\(0.014\)

 A–R Wald Chi2 test, p value

\(0.000\)

\(0.009\)

Endogeneity test, p, Ho: exogenous

(Durbin–Wu–Hausman chi-sq test)

\(0.002\)

\(0.007\)