Women empowerment in agriculture and its effect on household food security: evidence from Gamo Zone of Southern Ethiopia

Table 2 The five domains of empowerment in the A-WEAI. Source [48]:

Domain	Indicator	Definition of indicator	Weight
Production	Input in productive decisions	Sole or joint decision making over food and cash-crop farming, livestock and fisheries	1/5
Resources	Ownership of assets	Sole or joint ownership of major household assets (farmland, livestock, farming tools, off-farm equipment, durable goods, etc.)	2/15
Resources	Access to and decisions on credit	Access to and participation in decision making concerning credit	1/15
Income	Control over use of income	Sole or joint control over income and expenditures	1/5
Leadership	Group membership	Respondent is an active member in at least one economic^a group (e.g., production, agricultural marketing, saving and credit, consumer cooperative, etc.)	1/5
Time	Workload	Respondent is time poor if s/he worked more than 10.5 h in previous 24 h	1/5

^aWe make a very slight modification on the group membership indicator. The A-WEAI considers membership in a single group as adequate (be it social or economic). However, we consider adequate if the respondent is an active member of at least one economic group since traditional/cultural and religious groups such as edir, mahber, etc., are very common and almost every one is a member in the study areas. Thus, to have a meaningful assessment and also evaluate the role of economic groups to women’s empowerment, we introduce economic group membership

ISSN: 2048-7010