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Table 8 OLS estimation of women’s empowerment on household food security

From: Can women’s empowerment in livestock farming improve household food security? Empirical evidence from rural households in Malawi

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

WELIscore

2.0451a (0.5292)

     

Agricultural production decisions

 

10.5559a (1.6081)

    

Nutrition decisions

  

1.7603c (1.0358)

   

Income control

   

4.5313c (2.6006)

  

Resources access & control

    

− 1.0942 (2.1970)

 

Opportunities access & control

     

1.4976 (1.0745)

Education of household head

− 0.0013 (0.1490)

0.05417 (0.1431)

0.0389 (0.1512)

0.0577 (0.1503)

0.0748 (0.1512)

0.0569 (0.1506)

Age of household head

− 0.0045 (0.0068)

− 0.0030 (0.0065)

− 0.0038 (0.0069)

− 0.0028 (0.0068)

− 0.0019 (0.0069)

− 0.0019 (0.0068)

Household size

0.1096b (0.0531)

0.0695 (0.05193)

0.1237b (0.0539)

0.1423a (0.0538)

0.1308b (0.0540)

0.1266b (0.0538)

Marital status

0.1134 (0.2359)

− 0.0805 (0.2279)

0.0717 (0.2396)

0.0066 (0.2392)

0.0082 (0.2457)

0.0505 (0.2391)

Monthly income

0.0122b (0.0056)

0.0127b (0.0054)

0.0129b (0.0057)

0.0146b (0.0057)

0.0139b (0.0057)

0.0133b (0.0057)

Govt Food security Interventions

− 0.2007 (0.2554)

− 0.1018 (0.2468)

− 0.2919 (0.2589)

− 0.3431 (0.2560)

− 0.3681 (0.2573)

− 0.3544 (0.2562)

Livestock farming

− 0.4233c (0.2294)

− 0.4751b (0.2219)

− 0.4243c (0.2334)

− 0.4191c (0.2332)

− 0.3987c (0.2338)

− 0.3762 (0.2334)

Formal employment

2.6550a (0.8760)

2.8839a (0.8453)

2.7643a (0.8897)

2.8633a (0.8875)

2.9119a (0.8955)

2.8592a (0.8888)

Trading

− 0.7596c (0.4489)

− 0.5845 (0.4347)

− 0.7990c (0.4569)

− 0.7476 (0.4556)

− 0.7446 (0.4573)

− 0.7310 (0.4564)

Piece works

− 1.1172a (0.3673)

− 1.2291a (0.3554)

− 1.1619a (0.3733)

− 1.1328a (0.3728)

− 1.1503a (0.3706)

− 1.1065a (0.3737)

Cons

3.3437a (0.7212)

3.4498a (0.6824)

3.8469a (0.7174)

3.6009a (0.7485)

4.0668a (0.7229)

3.9529a (0.7130)

R2

0.1538

0.2091

0.1277

0.1281

0.1218

0.1256

  1. a, b, c imply statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are in parenthesis