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Table 5 Impact of women’s empowerment on household food security

From: Can women’s empowerment in livestock farming improve household food security? Empirical evidence from rural households in Malawi

Variable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

WELIscore

2.0466a (0.5224)

     

Agricultural production decisions

 

10.5254a (1.5877)

    

Nutrition decisions

  

1.7706c (1.0224)

   

Income control

   

4.5146c (2.5669)

  

Resources access & control

    

− 1.0758 (2.1686)

 

Opportunities access & control

     

1.5062 (1.0606)

Education of household head

0.0047 (0.1472)

0.0593 (0.1413)

0.0449 (0.1493)

0.0637 (0.1484)

0.0808 (0.1493)

0.0630 (0.1487)

Age of household head

− 0.0043 (0.0067)

− 0.0028 (0.0064)

− 0.0035 (0.0068)

− 0.0025 (0.0067)

− 0.0017 (0.0067)

− 0.0017 (0.0067)

Household size

0.1111b (0.0524)

0.0709 (0.0513)

0.1252b (0.0531)

0.1437a (0.0531)

0.1323b (0.1323)

0.1281b (0.0532)

Marital status

0.1081 (0.2329)

− 0.0846 (0.2250)

0.0663 (0.2365)

0.0012 (0.2361)

0.0032 (0.2425)

0.0531 (0.2361)

Monthly income

0.0121b (0.0055)

0.0126b (0.0053)

0.0129b (0.0056)

0.0145a (0.0056)

0.0137a (0.0056)

0.0132a (0.0056)

Govt food security interventions

− 0.2021 (0.2521)

− 0.0846 (0.2250)

− 0.2931 (0.2556)

− 0.3447 (0.2527)

− 0.3695 (0.2539)

− 0.3559 (0.2529)

Livestock farming

− 0.4213c (0.2264)

− 0.4732b (0.2191)

− 0.4223c (0.2304)

− 0.4170b (0.2301)

− 0.3965a (0.2307)

− 0.3740 (0.2303)

Formal employment

2.6576a (0.8647)

2.8861a (0.8344)

2.7665a (0.8781)

2.8660a (0.8760)

2.9140a (0.8839)

2.8620a (0.8772)

Trading

− 0.7553c (0.4431)

− 0.5812 (0.4291)

− 0.7949 (0.4509)

− 0.7432c (0.4497)

− 0.7402 (0.4513)

− 0.72649 (0.4505)

Piece works

− 1.1157a (0.3625)

− 1.2276a (0.3508)

− 1.1606a (0.3684)

− 1.1312b (0.3679)

− 1.1484a (0.3711)

− 1.1048a (0.3689)

Cons

3.3199a (0.7122)

3.4320a (0.6738)

3.8219a (0.7084)

3.579a (0.7390)

4.0421a (0.7138)

3.9287a (0.7041)

Var (e. HDDS_N)

3.31989 (0.7122)

3.1869 (0.2258)

3.5141 (0.2489)

3.5128 (0.2489)

3.5380 (0.2506)

3.5226 (0.2495)

Pseudo R2

0.0394

0.0551

0.0323

0.0323

0.0307

0.0317

  1. a, b, c imply statistical significance at 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are in parenthesis