Table 4 Association of gender-related, demographic, and household characteristics with household food security, FUTURES baseline survey, 2021; N = 1.113
Characteristic | Food insecure (n = 657) | Food secure (n = 456) | Crude odds ratio (COR) | Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Freq | (%) | Freq | (%) | COR | (95% CI) | P value | AOR | (95% CI) | P value | |
Person who decides on major household purchases | ||||||||||
Woman | 89 | 77.7 | 30 | 22.3 | 0.71 | (0.50, 1.00) | 0.05a | 2.15 | (1.20, 3.85) | 0.01 |
Woman and husband jointly | 376 | 56.3 | 329 | 43.6 | 1.91 | (1.51, 2.42) | < 0.01 | 1.44 | (1.06, 1.96) | 0.02 |
Husband or other | 192 | 71.2 | 97 | 28.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Person who decides on how the woman’s/wife’s cash earnings are used (among women who have earnings, n = 1.080) | ||||||||||
Woman | 99 | 83.1 | 23 | 16.9 | 0.51 | (0.36, 0.72) | < 0.01 | 0.34 | (0.18, 0.64) | < 0.01 |
Woman and husband jointly | 383 | 55.7 | 347 | 44.3 | 2.00 | (1.60, 2.49) | < 0.01 | 1.44 | (0.93, 2.24) | 0.10 |
Husband or other | 152 | 71.5 | 76 | 28.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Person who decides on how the man’s/husband’s cash earnings are used (among women whose husbands have earnings, n = 1.029) | ||||||||||
Woman | 34 | 74.9 | 12 | 25.1 | 0.82 | (0.48, 1.41) | 0.46 | 1.30 | (0.58, 2.92) | 0.52 |
Woman and husband jointly | 397 | 57.3 | 345 | 42.7 | 1.83 | (1.48, 2.25) | < 0.01 | 1.09 | (0.69, 1.75) | 0.70 |
Husband or other | 161 | 71.0 | 80 | 29.0 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Age groups | ||||||||||
15–24 | 148 | 62.3 | 113 | 37.7 | Ref | |||||
25–29 | 180 | 61.9 | 124 | 38.1 | 1.02 | (0.83, 1.25) | 0.87 | |||
30–34 | 93 | 59.3 | 77 | 40.7 | 1.13 | (0.87, 1.49) | 0.35 | |||
35–39 | 140 | 63.4 | 81 | 36.6 | 0.96 | (0.75, 1.22) | 0.72 | |||
40–49 | 96 | 64.8 | 61 | 35.2 | 0.90 | (0.70, 1.15) | 0.39 | |||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Married/in union | 602 | 60.8 | 447 | 39.2 | 5.26 | (2.89, 9.59) | < 0.01 | |||
Not currently married/in union | 55 | 89.1 | 9 | 10.9 | Ref | |||||
Highest level of school attended | ||||||||||
No formal education | 245 | 67.0 | 133 | 32.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Primary | 257 | 61.5 | 182 | 38.5 | 1.27 | (1.03, 1.58) | 0.03 | 1.42 | (1.07, 1.87) | 0.02 |
Secondary and above | 155 | 58.2 | 141 | 41.8 | 1.46 | (1.18, 1.80) | < 0.01 | 1.65 | (1.25, 2.20) | < 0.01 |
Employed in the past 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 84 | 52.9 | 73 | 47.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 573 | 63.9 | 383 | 36.1 | 0.63 | (0.49, 0.82) | < 0.01 | 0.45 | (0.34, 0.61) | < 0.01 |
Employment pay type | ||||||||||
Not employed | 84 | 52.9 | 73 | 47.1 | 3.12 | (2.31, 4.23) | < 0.01 | |||
Employed but not paid in cash | 353 | 56.7 | 303 | 43.3 | 2.69 | (2.10, 3.44) | < 0.01 | |||
Employed and paid in cash | 220 | 77.8 | 80 | 22.2 | Ref | |||||
Has bank account | ||||||||||
No | 468 | 63.9 | 298 | 36.1 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 189 | 59.1 | 158 | 40.9 | 1.23 | (0.99, 1.53) | 0.07 | |||
Had access to credit in the past 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 552 | 62.5 | 386 | 37.5 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 105 | 61.7 | 70 | 38.3 | 1.03 | (0.87, 1.23) | 0.72 | |||
Participation in women’s associations or women’s self-help groups | ||||||||||
No | 445 | 62.9 | 297 | 37.1 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 212 | 61.4 | 159 | 38.6 | 1.06 | (0.85, 1.33) | 0.57 | |||
Woman’s name is on title/deed (among households owning land, n = 798) | ||||||||||
No | 106 | 58.4 | 80 | 41.6 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 354 | 61.4 | 258 | 38.6 | 0.88 | (0.70, 1.11) | 0.27 | |||
Household size | ||||||||||
1–2 | 40 | 62.7 | 32 | 37.3 | 1.00 | (0.64, 1.54) | 0.98 | |||
3–4 | 283 | 62.1 | 198 | 37.9 | 1.02 | (0.85, 1.23) | 0.83 | |||
5 + | 334 | 62.6 | 226 | 37.4 | Ref | |||||
Crop production | ||||||||||
No | 173 | 68.4 | 87 | 31.6 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 484 | 60.2 | 369 | 39.8 | 1.44 | (1.10, 1.87) | 0.01 | |||
Livestock production | ||||||||||
No | 472 | 65.7 | 288 | 34.3 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 185 | 55.2 | 168 | 44.8 | 1.55 | (1.20, 2.00) | < 0.01 | |||
Off-farm self-employment | ||||||||||
No | 609 | 62.0 | 431 | 38.0 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 48 | 67.2 | 25 | 32.8 | 0.80 | (0.53, 1.19) | 0.26 | |||
Off-farm wage employment | ||||||||||
No | 558 | 64.2 | 372 | 35.8 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 99 | 53.1 | 84 | 46.9 | 1.58 | (1.15, 2.19) | 0.01 | |||
Other | ||||||||||
No | 561 | 62.7 | 378 | 37.3 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 96 | 60.8 | 78 | 39.2 | 1.09 | (0.85, 1.39) | 0.50 | |||
Number livelihood activities | ||||||||||
Only one | 420 | 70.5 | 219 | 29.5 | Ref | |||||
More than one | 237 | 51.5 | 237 | 48.5 | 2.25 | (1.80, 2.81) | < 0.01 | |||
Diversity of livelihood activities | ||||||||||
Only one: crop production | 253 | 71.0 | 140 | 29.0 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Only one: other than crop production | 167 | 69.8 | 79 | 30.1 | 1.06 | (0.77, 1.44) | 0.73 | 1.12 | (0.72, 1.72) | 0.61 |
More than one: crop and livestock production | 178 | 54.5 | 165 | 45.5 | 2.04 | (1.53, 2.72) | < 0.01 | 1.92 | (1.38, 2.67) | < 0.01 |
More than one: any other combination | 59 | 44.0 | 72 | 56.0 | 3.11 | (2.18, 4.44) | < 0.01 | 2.92 | (2.13, 4.01) | < 0.01 |
Ownership of farm animals | ||||||||||
No | 189 | 73.6 | 77 | 26.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Yes | 468 | 58.5 | 379 | 41.5 | 1.98 | (1.60, 2.45) | < 0.01 | 1.87 | (1.41, 2.50) | < 0.01 |
Ownership of farmland | ||||||||||
No | 197 | 66.4 | 118 | 33.6 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 460 | 60.7 | 338 | 39.3 | 1.28 | (1.04, 1.57) | 0.02 | |||
Farmland size in hectares | ||||||||||
No farmland | 197 | 66.4 | 118 | 33.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||
= < 1 hectare | 287 | 64.9 | 176 | 35.1 | 1.07 | (0.87, 1.31) | 0.50 | 1.03 | (0.76, 1.38) | 0.86 |
> 1 hectare | 173 | 54.6 | 162 | 45.4 | 1.65 | (1.29, 2.11) | < 0.01 | 1.35 | (0.96, 1.90) | 0.08 |
No. of experiences of significant shocks in the past 12 months | ||||||||||
0 | 171 | 41.2 | 266 | 58.8 | 5.77 | (4.37, 7.61) | < 0.01 | 5.93 | (4.16, 8.44) | < 0.01 |
1 | 243 | 72.3 | 120 | 27.3 | 1.52 | (1.13, 2.04) | 0.01 | 1.88 | (1.37, 2.59) | < 0.01 |
2 + | 243 | 80.1 | 70 | 19.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Woreda | ||||||||||
Alge Sachi | 207 | 64.1 | 115 | 35.9 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Bilo Nopa | 47 | 61.0 | 31 | 39.0 | 1.14 | (0.82, 1.58) | 0.42 | 1.15 | (0.78, 1.70) | 0.46 |
Chora | 105 | 54.4 | 88 | 45.6 | 1.50 | (0.91, 2.46) | 0.11 | 2.12 | (1.26, 3.55) | 0.01 |
Doreni | 49 | 56.5 | 37 | 43.5 | 1.38 | (0.75, 2.52) | 0.29 | 1.70 | (0.85, 3.40) | 0.13 |
Hurumu | 111 | 70.3 | 47 | 29.7 | 0.76 | (0.59, 0.96) | 0.03 | 0.87 | (0.62, 1.23) | 0.43 |
Yayu | 138 | 50.1 | 138 | 49.9 | 1.79 | (1.19, 2.69) | 0.01 | 2.02 | (1.34, 3.06) | < 0.01 |
Wealth quintiles | ||||||||||
Lowest (Poorest) | 162 | 71.0 | 62 | 29.0 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Second | 130 | 62.8 | 92 | 37.2 | 1.45 | (1.05, 2.00) | 0.03 | 1.52 | (1.10, 2.09) | 0.01 |
Middle | 139 | 65.6 | 83 | 34.4 | 1.28 | (0.87, 1.89) | 0.20 | 1.55 | (1.05, 2.30) | 0.03 |
Fourth | 115 | 55.8 | 108 | 44.2 | 1.94 | (1.47, 2.55) | < 0.01 | 1.74 | (1.26, 2.40) | < 0.01 |
Highest | 111 | 56.8 | 111 | 43.2 | 1.86 | (1.37, 2.54) | < 0.01 | 2.22 | (1.57, 3.13) | < 0.01 |