Table 1 Description of variables

CSAPs

 DTMVs

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

 Inorganic fertiliser

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

 Intercropping

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

 Row planting

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

 Incorporate crop residues on plot

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

 Manure

 = 1 If adopted; 0 otherwise

Explanatory variables

 Gender (1 = male; 0 = female)

 = 1 If household head is male; 0 otherwise

 Age (years)

In years

 Education (years)

In years

 Number of years resident in the village

Number of years resident in the village

 Own land (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If household head owns a land; 0 otherwise

 Land rent yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If household head rent a land; 0 otherwise

 Farm size (ha)

Total operated farm area in hectares

 Farming experience (years)

Household head farming experience in years

 Household size

Household size (number)

 Received loan (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If household received loan in the past agricultural season; 0 otherwise

 Member of input supply and farm cooperatives (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If household head is a member of input supply groups; 0 otherwise

 Received advice on improved varieties

 = 1 If the household head received advice on improved maize varieties

 Total cost of household asset (‘000 NGN)

Total household production and non-production assets

 Total livestock unit (TLU)

Total livestock unit

 Cost of hired labour (000 NGN)

The total cost of hired labour in the past agricultural season

 Awareness and access to improved maize varieties (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If the household head was aware and had access to improved maize varieties; 0 otherwise

 Training in Improved production practices (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If household received training on improved production practices in the past agricultural season; 0 otherwise

 Willingness to take risk (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If the household has the willingness to take a risk on the adoption of agricultural technology; 0 otherwise

 North-West (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in North-West region; 0 otherwise

 North-Central (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in North-Central region; 0 otherwise

 North-East (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in North-East region; 0 otherwise

 South-South (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in South-South region; 0 otherwise

 South-East (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in South-East region; 0 otherwise

 South-West (yes = 1; no = 0)

 = 1 If farm household is in South-West region; 0 otherwise