Table 7 Associations between socioeconomic factors and food loss at different food supply stages based on countries’ levels of income

GNI per capita (log)

− 0.986**

− 1.171

0.781

1.146

0.367

− 0.009

− 0.660

− 0.740**

(0.263)

(0.527)

(1.111)

(2.240)

(0.580)

(0.689)

(0.927)

(0.214)

Agriculture share of GDP

− 8.9e-5

− 0.006

0.093

0.060

0.113***

− 0.015

0.266***

0.147***

(0.003)

(0.008)

(0.032)

(0.065)

(0.025)

(0.050)

(0.060)

(0.025)

Employment in agriculture

− 0.016

− 0.035

4.42e-4

0.028

0.024

− 0.003

− 0.052

− 0.119**

(0.010)

(0.021)

(0.035)

(0.062)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.050)

(0.039)

Years of education

0.188**

0.180

0.205

− 0.051

0.258

0.035

0.431

0.541**

(0.055)

(0.099)

(0.187)

(0.333)

(0.137)

(0.156)

(0.236)

(0.178)

Access to electricity in rural area

− 0.012

− 0.024

0.006

− 0.031

0.031

− 0.018

− 0.032

− 0.075***

(0.017)

(0.033)

(0.029)

(0.074)

(0.016)

(0.020)

(0.028)

(0.010)

Mobile cellular subscription

0.002*

0.005

0.017

0.028

− 0.017

0.012

0.008

− 0.006

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.023)

(0.039)

(0.023)

(0.019)

(0.016)

(0.016)

Political stability

1.093**

− 0.085

3.026

− 0.407

3.066

− 1.854

− 1.391

− 7.261***

(0.337)

(0.836)

(1.074)

(1.963)

(1.921)

(1.782)

(4.074)

(0.543)

Export volume index

− 1.47e-4***

0.001***

− 0.001

− 3.90e-4

0.001

− 0.004

0.007

0.002

(1.4e-5)

(2.4e-5)

(2.23e-4)

(4.54e-4)

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.010)

(0.002)

World region fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Number of observations

2408

2395

1071

1033

984

979

657

573

Standard errors by:

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region