Table 6 Associations between socioeconomic factors and loss of different commodities based on countries’ level of income

GNI per capita (log)

− 2.001

0.332

− 0.299

− 0.489***

− 35.381

52.812***

− 2.033

-0.579

0.947*

− 0.861***

− 9.096

− 11.191*

(2.861)

(0.296)

(0.385)

(3.931e-4)

(15.632)

(5.079e-8)

(1.122)

(0.971)

(0.392)

(0.065)

(6.248)

(5.500)

Agriculture share of GDP

− 0.050**

0.057

0.034*

0.044***

− 0.647*

− 16.253***

0.116

0.190***

0.104***

0.090***

− 0.259

− 0.182

(0.006)

(0.010)

(0.009)

(1.849e-4)

(0.247)

(2.495e-9)

(0.082)

(0.024)

(0.016)

(0.010)

(0.619)

(0.105)

Employment in agriculture

− 0.069

− 0.021

− 0.017

− 0.027***

− 1.270**

− 2.268***

− 0.053

− 0.041*

− 0.057***

− 0.004

− 0.528

0.502*

(0.098)

(0.015)

(0.011)

(5.230e-5)

(0.313)

(1.055e-10)

(0.083)

(0.013)

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.820)

(0.244)

Years of education

− 0.472

2.43e-4

0.143

0.094***

3.508**

− 9.748***

− 0.619

0.507***

0.599**

0.120***

0.841

7.488***

(0.232)

(0.035)

(0.068)

(0.001)

(0.953)

(9.011e-9)

(0.345)

(0.082)

(0.176)

(0.017)

(2.387)

(1.058)

Access to electricity

− 0.079

0.001

− 0.005

− 0.004***

− 0.568***

− 0.381***

0.024

− 0.038***

− 0.014

− 0.028***

-0.481*

0.208**

(0.061)

(0.013)

(0.019)

(1.645e-4)

(0.092)

(1.415e-10)

(0.018)

(0.004)

(0.024)

(0.002)

(0.204)

(0.077)

Mobile cellular subscription

0.007**

− 0.006

0.014***

0.008***

0.109

− 3.063***

− 0.003

0.002

0.021***

0.020***

0.115

− 0.023

(0.001)

(0.004)

(8.10e-6)

(2.49e-7)

(0.102)

(9.046e-10)

(0.025)

(0.008)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.067)

(0.056)

Political stability

− 1.315

− 0.214

− 0.973

0.665***

− 5.011

363.458***

6.773

− 4.194***

2.706**

− 2.224***

21.713**

− 35.462*

(0.460)

(0.820)

(0.536)

(0.005)

(13.169)

(1.613e-8)

(10.063)

(0.679)

(0.640)

(0.305)

(7.168)

(14.481)

Export volume index

0.002

− 0.001**

− 1.45e-4***

− 0.001***

− 0.103*

0.139***

− 0.003

− 0.001

− 0.001

0.002

− 0.007

− 0.031*

(0.001)

(4.9e-5)

(4.04e-6)

(9.347e-6)

(0.041)

(3.560e-11)

(0.010)

(0.005)

(0.013)

(0.001)

(0.028)

(0.015)

World region fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Number of observations

716

1441

1378

3172

134

66

346

753

360

1300

327

107

Standard error by:

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region