Table 5 Associations between socioeconomic factors and food loss at different food supply stages

GNI per capita (log)

− 0.792

− 1.031*

− 0.177

0.564

(0.425)

(0.454)

(0.474)

(0.663)

Agriculture share of GDP

0.012

− 0.001

0.091**

0.057

(0.006)

(0.009)

(0.028)

(0.046)

Employment in agriculture

− 0.011

− 0.034

− 0.012

− 0.008

(0.011)

(0.017)

(0.011)

(0.015)

Years of education

0.201*

0.147

0.211*

0.087

(0.099)

(0.096)

(0.090)

(0.098)

Access to electricity in rural area

0.007

− 0.021

− 0.019

− 0.029

(0.017)

(0.021)

(0.021)

(0.030)

Mobile cellular subscription

− 0.001

0.006

0.007

0.011

(0.006)

(0.004)

(0.015)

(0.017)

Political stability

1.242

− 0.718

1.153

− 1.399*

(0.791)

(1.102)

(1.302)

(0.637)

Export volume index

− 1.579e-4***

0.001***

− 0.001**

− 3.653e-4

(3.804e-5)

(1.279e-5)

(2.567e-4)

(3.216e-4)

World region fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Number of observations

3392

3374

1728

1606

Standard errors by

World region

World region

World region

World region