Table 4 Associations between socioeconomic factors and loss of different commodities

GNI per capita (log)

− 1.870

− 0.427

− 0.569

− 0.964***

− 2.023

− 14.921*

(1.585)

(0.241)

(0.598)

(0.014)

(7.046)

(6.983)

Agriculture share of GDP

− 0.011

0.075***

0.040*

0.043***

− 0.050

− 0.807**

(0.012)

(0.006)

(0.013)

(0.001)

(0.161)

(0.274)

Employment in agriculture

− 0.057

− 0.028**

− 0.021

− 0.027***

− 0.284

− 0.198

(0.050)

(0.008)

(0.016)

(0.001)

(0.379)

(0.121)

Years of education

− 0.336

0.134**

0.235

0.086***

− 0.027

− 0.077

(0.222)

(0.030)

(0.111)

(0.003)

(1.098)

(1.340)

Access to electricity in rural area

− 0.022

− 0.020***

− 0.014

− 0.020***

− 0.246**

− 0.243**

(0.022)

(0.001)

(0.027)

(0.001)

(0.093)

(0.069)

Mobile cellular subscription

0.013*

− 1.964e-4

0.018**

0.007***

0.120*

0.237**

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.005)

(0.001)

(0.056)

(0.062)

Political stability

0.259

− 2.009**

− 0.812

− 0.490***

13.256*

10.826

(1.823)

(0.408)

(1.046)

(0.045)

(6.025)

(7.542)

Export volume index

0.002***

− 0.001***

− 1.966e-4**

− 0.001***

− 0.033**

− 0.007

(2.182e-4)

(3.181e-5)

(5.210e-5)

(4.737e-5)

(0.011)

(0.010)

World region fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Time fixed effects included

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Number of observations

1062

2194

1738

4472

461

173

Standard errors by

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region

World region