Table 2 Food loss and socioeconomic factors based on countries’ income levels
| Â | Low-income | Middle- & high-income | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean | Standard error | N | Mean | Standard error | N |
Losses (%) | ||||||
 Wheat–farm | 8.945 | 0.223 | 243 | 7.890 | 0.368 | 113 |
 Wheat–harvest | 4.908 | 0.360 | 243 | 4.316 | 0.290 | 107 |
 Wheat–storage | 2.722 | 0.203 | 116 | 2.402 | 0.512 | 67 |
 Wheat–transport | 1.080 | 0.057 | 114 | 1.212 | 0.238 | 59 |
 Maize–farm | 12.829 | 0.140 | 482 | 12.069 | 0.177 | 223 |
 Maize–harvest | 6.997 | 0.119 | 483 | 6.296 | 0.106 | 218 |
 Maize–storage | 3.692 | 0.273 | 241 | 3.280 | 0.287 | 160 |
 Maize–transport | 1.600 | 0.054 | 235 | 1.529 | 0.109 | 152 |
 Rice–farm | 7.669 | 0.073 | 479 | 7.796 | 0.253 | 124 |
 Rice–harvest | 5.183 | 0.175 | 480 | 4.656 | 0.147 | 115 |
 Rice–storage | 2.972 | 0.201 | 209 | 3.864 | 0.685 | 68 |
 Rice–transport | 1.135 | 0.094 | 210 | 1.139 | 0.172 | 53 |
 Other cereals & pulses–farm | 7.625 | 0.038 | 1122 | 7.289 | 0.113 | 361 |
 Other cereals & pulses–harvest | 4.165 | 0.052 | 1152 | 3.710 | 0.073 | 420 |
 Other cereals & pulses–storage | 2.578 | 0.103 | 462 | 1.950 | 0.087 | 265 |
 Other cereals & pulses–transport | 1.006 | 0.008 | 436 | 1.071 | 0.061 | 254 |
 Fruits & vegetables–farm | 16.553 | 1.987 | 65 | 12.930 | 1.001 | 126 |
 Fruits & vegetables—harvest | 2.941 | 0.731 | 19 | 9.747 | 1.230 | 91 |
 Fruits & vegetables–storage | 10.354 | 1.735 | 24 | 6.356 | 0.692 | 72 |
 Fruits & vegetables–transport | 13.198 | 2.647 | 26 | 8.928 | 2.137 | 38 |
 Roots, tubers, & oil crops–farm | 16.553 | 2.057 | 17 | 12.930 | 1.406 | 37 |
 Roots, tubers, & oil crops–harvest | 2.941 | 2.318 | 18 | 9.747 | 1.047 | 28 |
 Roots, tubers, & oil crops–storage | 10.354 | 2.864 | 19 | 6.356 | 1.699 | 25 |
 Roots, tubers, & oil crops–transport | 13.198 | 1.288 | 12 | 8.928 | 0.474 | 17 |
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 GNI per capita (International $) | 1724.357 | 8.482 | 6907 | 8038.598 | 158.860 | 3193 |
 Agriculture share of GDP (%) | 27.592 | 0.127 | 6907 | 11.226 | 0.139 | 3193 |
 Employment in agriculture (%) | 63.204 | 0.184 | 6907 | 35.744 | 0.298 | 3193 |
 Education (years) | 3.574 | 0.020 | 6907 | 6.598 | 0.043 | 3193 |
 Access to electricity in rural area (%) | 11.475 | 0.145 | 6907 | 38.883 | 0.537 | 3193 |
 Mobile cellular subscription (/100 people) | 32.171 | 0.390 | 6907 | 79.500 | 0.693 | 3193 |
 Political stability | 0.559 | 0.002 | 6907 | 0.635 | 0.003 | 3193 |
 Export volume index | 291.229 | 7.221 | 6907 | 199.353 | 1.778 | 3193 |