Evaluating farmers’ perception toward the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in Ghana and Zambia

Table 3 Indicators influencing farmers’ perception toward the effectiveness of agricultural extension PEA training in Ghana

Explanatory variables	Odds ratio	z	p > z	95% confidence interval
Socioeconomic indicators
Household head age (years)	0.984	− 1.190	0.234	0.958	1.010
Gender	1.134	0.250	0.802	0.425	3.023
Household head education (years)	1.025	0.490	0.622	0.927	1.133
Household size (number)	1.123	1.510	0.132	0.965	1.305
Access to credit (Bank accounts)	0.636	− 0.780	0.435	0.204	1.978
Total land size (Ha)	0.897	− 0.460	0.643	0.566	1.421
Annual agricultural income ($)	1.001	1.390	0.165	0.999	1.003
Total livestock (No)	0.986	− 1.570	0.115	0.968	1.003
Multiple communication indicators
Owning of cell phones (No/HH)	0.457*	− 1.710	0.087	0.186	1.119
Owning of radios (No/HH)	0.798	− 0.650	0.518	0.403	1.580
Owning of televisions (No/HH)	1.351	0.810	0.418	0.651	2.799
Frequency of meetings with officer	0.313**	− 2.510	0.012	0.126	0.774
Frequency of famer demand for services	3.282***	3.350	0.001	1.638	6.573
Perceived returns indicators
Perceived impact on productivity	2.090*	1.900	0.057	0.978	4.467
Perceived impact on adoption rate	2.911***	2.890	0.004	1.411	6.000
Perceived impact on food safety and nutrition	1.406	1.040	0.298	0.740	2.671
Observations (n = 120)	Pseudo R² = 0.2239
	LR Chi² (16) = 54.64
	Prob > Chi² = 0.0000

ISSN: 2048-7010