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Table 1 Description of explanatory indicators in the regression model

From: Evaluating farmers’ perception toward the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in Ghana and Zambia

Explanatory indicators

Measurement description

Socioeconomic indicators

 Household head age

Number of years

 Gender

0 = Female, 1 = Male

 Household head education

Number of years attended

 Household size

Number of household members

 Access to credit

Number of bank/mobile money accounts

 Total land size

Area (ha)

 Annual agricultural income

Currency ($)

 Total livestock

Number livestock owned

Multiple communication indicators

 Owning of cell phones/HH

Number of cell phones

 Owning of radios/HH

Number of radios

 Owning of televisions/HH

Number of televisions

 Frequency of meetings with officer

0 = never, 1 = above 2 months, 2 = monthly, 3 = weekly

 Frequency of famer demand for services

0 = never, 1 = above 2 months, 2 = monthly, 3 = weekly

Perceived returns indicators

 Perceived impact on productivity

0 = no impact, 1 = slightly impact, 2 = impact

 Perceived impact on adoption rate

0 = no impact, 1 = slightly impact, 2 = impact

 Perceived impact on food safety and nutrition

0 = no impact, 1 = slightly impact, 2 = impact

  1. Source: Field survey (2019)
  2. A few common indicators including socio-economic and communications parameters were considered in the analysis like others Birner et al. [8], Swanson et al. [18], Elias et al. [51], Ntshangase et al. [52], Fosu-Mensah et al. [60], Phiri et al. [61], Maoba [62], Asrat and Simane [63] along with key factors identified from the field survey