The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks

Baker, Edward

doi:10.1186/s40066-015-0040-6

Agriculture & Food Security

Table 3 Potential biological control agents

From: The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks

Higher class.	Species	Phasmid	Notes	References
Insecta Diptera Tachinidae	Biomya genalis	Diapheromera femorata Nymphs		[45]
	Phasmophaga anetannalis	Diapheromera femorata Nymphs	Phasmid consumes egg laid on foliage	[45]
	Mycteromyiella laetifica	Graeffea leveri nymphs/adults	Also a species of Megacrania is parasitised	[26, 137]
	Mycteromyiella phasmatophaga	Graeffea leveri Nymphs/adults	Probably not usual host	[26, 137]
	Thrixion halidayanum	Leptynia hispanica		[138, 139]
	Euhallidaya sverinii	Diapheromera femora Eggs		[140]
Insecta Hymenoptera Chrysididae	Mesitiopterus kahlii	Diapheromera femorata Eggs	Never recovered in sufficient number to be considered an important means of control	[45]
	Cladobethylus insularis	Eurycantha insularis Eggs		[114]
	Exova tunana	Eurycantha insularis Eggs		[114]
Cleptidae	Myrmecomimesis spp.	Didymuria violescens Egg Podacanthus wilkinsoni Egg		[7]
	Myrmecomimesis sp.	Anchiale austotesselata		[48]
		Ctenomorphodes tessulatus egg	305 emerged from a field collected sample of 11,694	[88]
	Myrmecomimesis nigripedicel	Ctenomorphodes tessulatus Egg	At much lower density than M. striata	[88]
	Myrmecomimesis rubrifemur	Graeffea crouanii	In Australia attacks Anchiale austrotesselata. Unsuccessfully introduced to Fiji.	[99]
	Loboscelidia sp.	Anchiale austrotesselata		[48]
	Loboscelidia sp.	Ctenomorphodes tessulatus	Only 6 from sample of 11,694 eggs	[88]
Eupelmidae	Paranastatus nigricutellatus Eady, 1956 Paranastatus verticalis Eady, 1956	Graffea crouanii eggs	Controls up to 50 % of eggs. Seems effective on Fiji but not western Samoa [100]	[46, 101, 141]
	Anastatus (Anastatus) eurycanthae Gibson, 2012	Eurycantha calcarata eggs		[112]
	Anastatus gratidiae Risbec, 1951	Gratidia sp.		[142]
Formicidae	Tapinoma melanocephalum	Graeffea crouanii Eggs		[25, 143]
	Pheidole megacephala	Graeffea crouanii Eggs		[143]
Mecoptera Bittacidae	Harpobittacus sp.	Anchiale austrotesselata		[48]
Aves	Gymnorhina tibicen	Graeffea crouanii		Paine [26] from Hinckley (unpublished)
	Acridotheres tristis	Graeffea crouanii		[47]
Mammalia	Rattus exulans	Graeffea crouanii All instars and eggs		[144]
	Rattus rattus	Graeffea crouanii all instars and eggs		[143]
Fungus Deuteromycetes Hyohomycetaceae	Beauveria bassiana	Unknown	Used in China to control infesting phasmids	[115]

This table shows host-specific parasites and specific examples of wild predators. Laboratory studies of generalist predators (e.g. [145]) and non-economically important generalist insectivores (e.g. Hamilton and Pollack 1961) are not included

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ISSN: 2048-7010

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