Table 1 Description of variables and expected signs used in the conditional and ordered logit models
From: Household adoption of soil-improving practices and food insecurity in Ghana
Variables | Expected sign | Values | Details | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adoption | Food security | |||
Dependent variables | ||||
Application of soil-improving practices | No adoption = 0 | Mulching, cover crops, crop rotation, no-till, and minimum till | ||
Adoption = 1 | ||||
Food insecurity groups | Chronic = 1 | |||
Seasonal = 2 | ||||
Vulnerable = 3 | ||||
Food secure = 4 | ||||
Independent variables | ||||
Application of soil-improving practices | + | No adoption = 0 | ||
Adoption = 1 | ||||
Food insecure/secure | + | ? | Food insecure = 0 | |
Food secure = 1 | ||||
Income | + | + | Continuous | 100 cedi currency/year |
Chemical fertilizer application | ? | + | No application = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Apply = 1 | ||||
Commercial seed application | ? | + | No application = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Apply = 1 | ||||
Insecticide application | ? | ? | No application = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Apply = 1 | ||||
Herbicide application | ? | ? | No application = 1 | 12-month time frame |
Apply = 1 | ||||
Household head age | + | ? | Years | |
Household head education level | + | + | No or pre-school = 0 | |
junior and above school = 1 | ||||
Household size | ? | ? | Number | |
Medium-quality soil | ? | + | Poor = 0 | |
Medium = 1 | ||||
Seasonal lease | ? | ? | No seasonal lease = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Seasonal lease = 1 | ||||
Long term proprietorship—dropped to avoid collinearity issues | + | ? | No long lease = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Long lease = 1 | ||||
Sharecropping | ? | ? | No sharecropping = 0 | 12-month time frame |
Share cropping = 1 | ||||
Information and training (access) from extension services | + | + | No access = 0 | |
Access = 1 | ||||