Table 2 Explanatory variables included in the multivariate probit and negative binomial regression models

Dependent variables of multivariate probit (MVP)

 Household livelihood Options

1. If the choice of household is farm activities

2. If the choice of household is off-farm activities

3. If the choice of household is non-farm activities

Dependent variable of negative binomial regression (NBR)

 Number of Livelihood options adopted by the rural landless households

Family size

Size of household

Continuous

Age

Age of household head

Continuous

 ± 

EduStatu

1 = if the educational status of household head is literate

Dummy

 + 

Gender

1 = if the gender of household head is male

Dummy

 + 

Marital Status

1 = if the marital status of household head is married

Dummy

Labor force

Number of active labor forces of household (age between15- 64)

Continuous

DISMKT

Distance to nearest market in kilometer

Continuous

−

DISdistrict

Distance to district center in kilometer

Continuous

−

DISFTC

Distance to farmers’ training center in kilometer

Continuous

TLU^a

Number of livestock holding in Tropical Livestock Unit

Continuous

 + 

Farm size

Farm size of the household during the survey year in Tsimad^b

Continuous

Migrated

1 = if any household member is migrated

Dummy

PSNP

1 = if the household participated in safety net program

Dummy

−

Residence

1 = if the household owned private house

Dummy

Edir

1 = if the household participated in Edir

Dummy

 + 

Traditional Labor share

1 = if the household has shared labor in weeding, harvesting and other activities

Dummy

 + 

Equb

1 = if the household participate in Equb

Dummy

 + 

Credit

1 = if the household has credit access

Dummy

 + 

Remittance

1 = if the household received remittance during the survey year

Dummy