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Table 8 PICOS summary of criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of studies

From: Rapid evidence assessment on women’s empowerment interventions within the food system: a meta-analysis

Criteria

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Population

  
 

Program participants that were located in a L&MIC in the first year of implementation3

Studies focused on niche populations, such as athletes or the military

 

Impact evaluations with at least one effect size for an L&MIC country population

Efficacy studies, unless they were completed in a sufficiently real-world setting

 

Studies focused on the prevention of clinical conditions

Studies targeting participants with a clinical condition

  

Studies focused on high-income country migrant populations in L&MICs and vice versa

Intervention

  
 

Interventions that directly intervene on an aspect of the food system within its three primary domains: the food supply chain, the food environment and consumer behavior

Interventions not in the food system or interventions targeting drivers of the food system without an explicit food system focus

 

Studies evaluating multiple food systems interventions

Unconditional cash transfer programs

  

Interventions focused on the financing of a food systems intervention

Comparisons

  
 

Appropriate comparisons included: business as usual, an alternative treatment, no treatment or an early-versus-late comparison (where those that took part in earlier years are compared to those that took part in later years)

Studies that did not justify and make use of an appropriate comparison group

  1. Source: 3ie 2020
  2. The cutoff at the year 2000 was made arbitrarily to make the volume of search results more manageable