Table 7 Descriptive statistics (mean values) of key variables

Outcome variables

 Perceived land tenure security

(1—If HH do not afraid of losing land if left uncultivated for some times, 0—Otherwise)

0.937

0.882*

0.844*

0.883

 General credit access

(1—HH accessed formal or Informal credit, 0—Otherwise)

0.139

0.126

0.128

0.138

 Informal credit access

(1—HH accessed Informal credit, 0—Otherwise)

0.112

0.076**

0.078**

0.109

 Formal credit access

(1—HH accessed Formal credit, 0—Otherwise)

0.021

0.023

0.041***

0.029

 Soil erosion control

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.131

0.245***

0.142*

0.140

 Tree or Permanent crops

(Number of trees or permanent crops per acre)

160.72

35.54***

38.61***

148.85

 Fertilizer use

(1—If applied organic or inorganic fertilizer in the plot, 0—Otherwise)

0.089

0.102**

0.113***

0.111

Covariates

 HH Head Education Level

(Years of formal education)

6.508

7.315*

7.514*

6.590

 HH Head Female

(1—Female, 0—Otherwise)

0.226

0.240

0.276

0.229

 HH Head Age

Age of HH head in years

48.5

47.3

49.3

48.5

 HH Size AE

Household size in Adult Equivalent (counts)

5.432

6.626

5.283

5.483

 HH migrated from another region

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.315

0.573

0.48

0.334

 Plot Owners’ Age

Age of plot owner in years

27.676

28.397

26.608

27.653

 Married HH Head

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.686

0.776

0.729

0.692

 Dwelling Certificate

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.115

0.228**

0.585***

0.138

 Farm size

Farm size in Acres

5.259

4.892

2.006***

5.124

 Purchased plot

((1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.401

0.744***

0.738***

0.430

 Inherited plot

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.462

0.200***

0.213***

0.440

 Modern roof (if the dwelling is built with modern roof)

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.658

0.831***

0.787***

0.671

 Concrete cement walls (if the dwelling is built with Concrete cement walls)

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.342

0.524***

0.624***

0.361

 Basic services (If the HH has access to all basic services)

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.313

0.244***

0.372**

0.312

 Dwelling-Plot-Distance

Km

5.221

6.964**

8.198***

5.417

 Dwelling-Road-Distance

Km

2.285

1.391**

1.918

2.229

 Dwelling-Market-Distance

Km

8.883

10.647***

7.035*

8.896

 Distance to District Offices

Km

20.578

17.448

8.711***

20.100

 Transport cost to district office

TZS

3285.72

2114.42***

1864.36***

3176.51

 Other land documents

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.156

0.729***

0.812***

0.208

 Asset value

TZS

993 515

1 168 392***

1 803 892***

1 024 229

 Monthly wage

TZS

51 111

109 468***

254 652***

59,463

 Government employment

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.006

0.029***

0.033***

0.008

 Formal employment

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.021

0.044***

0.069***

0.024

 Land conflict experience (land dispute)

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.006

0.009

0.003

0.007

 HH own bank account

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.113

0.209**

0.240**

0.122

 HH received financial assistance

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.312

0.271

0.373*

0.312

 Land value

Self-assessed land value (TZS)

4 141 408

4 112 655

11 900 000***

4 420 764

 Rented Plot

(1—Yes, 0—Otherwise)

0.009

0.002

0.008

0.008