Development outcomes of land tenure formalization under customary and statutory land tenure systems in Tanzania: a multinomial endogenous switching regression approach

Msangi, Haji Athumani; Waized, Betty; Löhr, Katharina; Sieber, Stefan; Ndyetabula, Daniel Wilson

doi:10.1186/s40066-022-00403-3

Agriculture & Food Security

Table 11 Multinomial endogenous switching regression of the effect of LTF on credit access

From: Development outcomes of land tenure formalization under customary and statutory land tenure systems in Tanzania: a multinomial endogenous switching regression approach

Regressors	General credit access						Informal credit access						Formal credit access
	CGRO		CCRO		No certificate		CGRO		CCRO		No certificate		CGRO		CCRO		No certificate
	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.	Coef.	Robust Std.Err.
Formal Employment	0.036	0.002	0.023	0.009	0.034	0.014	− 0.057	0.032	− 0.149	0.110	− 0.149	0.110	0.126	0.053	0.018	0.096	0.149	0.110
Plot owner’s age	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	− 0.001	0.000	0.003	0.002	− 0.001	0.000	− 0.001	0.000	− 0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	− 0.001	0.000
Education above primary	0.016	0.012	1.099	0.040	− 0.004	0.002	0.186	0.235	− 0.032	0.024	− 0.032	0.024	− 0.021	0.019	− 0.012	0.017	− 0.032	0.024
Migrant from another region	0.003	0.006	0.018	0.001	0.003	0.002	0.091	0.107	0.016	0.019	0.016	0.019	0.000	0.015	0.016	0.013	0.016	0.019
Dwelling Certificate	0.010	0.009	− 0.180	0.008	− 0.010	0.003	− 0.109	0.097	− 0.001	0.029	− 0.001	0.029	− 0.035	0.017	0.036	0.024	− 0.001	0.029
Ln (Mean plot-varying factors)	0.018	0.005	− 0.007	0.001	0.005	0.001	0.002	0.045	0.009	0.005	0.009	0.005	0.014	0.005	− 0.006	0.003	0.009	0.005
Ln (Farm size)	0.004	0.003	− 0.067	0.004	− 0.007	0.001	0.006	0.034	0.010	0.006	0.010	0.006	0.015	0.005	− 0.004	0.004	0.010	0.006
Ln (Plot to market distance)	0.012	0.005	− 0.030	0.002	− 0.005	0.001	0.077	0.104	− 0.017	0.007	− 0.017	0.007	− 0.019	0.007	0.003	0.004	− 0.017	0.007
Female head	0.023	0.009	1.082	0.039	− 0.012	0.003	0.259	0.144	0.062	0.025	0.062	0.025	− 0.009	0.021	0.071	0.012	0.062	0.025
AE HH Size	− 0.006	0.002	− 0.140	0.005	0.005	0.000	− 0.087	0.032	0.001	0.003	0.001	0.003	− 0.011	0.002	0.012	0.002	0.001	0.003
Modern roof	− 0.043	0.015	− 0.089	0.006	− 0.025	0.002	− 0.276	0.407	0.014	0.015	0.014	0.015	− 0.002	0.014	0.015	0.006	0.014	0.015
Concrete cement walls	0.029	0.009	0.391	0.016	0.026	0.002	− 0.112	0.139	0.088	0.017	0.088	0.017	0.056	0.015	0.030	0.011	0.088	0.017
Basic services	− 0.029	0.008	0.012	0.001	− 0.001	0.002	− 0.060	0.106	− 0.035	0.014	− 0.035	0.014	− 0.015	0.012	− 0.020	0.008	− 0.035	0.014
Transport cost to district office	− 0.001	0.001	− 0.021	0.000	0.011	0.010	− 0.001	0.001	− 0.000	0.000	− 0.009	0.000	− 0.001	0.000	− 0.001	0.000	− 0.001	0.002
HH own bank account	0.028	0.010	− 1.019	0.037	0.008	0.002	− 0.255	0.175	− 0.129	0.024	− 0.129	0.024	0.018	0.017	− 0.146	0.018	− 0.129	0.024
Received financial assistance	0.010	0.012	0.004	0.006	0.003	0.002	− 0.178	0.191	0.029	0.017	0.029	0.017	0.010	0.014	0.018	0.011	0.029	0.017
Married HH head	0.034	0.011	0.635	0.028	− 0.028	0.002	− 0.162	0.199	0.036	0.020	0.036	0.020	0.016	0.018	0.020	0.007	0.036	0.020
Inherited plot	− 0.003	0.009	0.741	0.026	− 0.005	0.002	0.025	0.168	0.014	0.015	0.014	0.015	− 0.038	0.013	0.054	0.009	0.014	0.015
Ln (Total HH expenditure)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Land dispute	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Village land certificate	− 0.035	0.010	1.193	0.041	0.004	0.002	− 0.232	0.162	− 0.097	0.017	− 0.097	0.017	− 0.043	0.015	− 0.053	0.008	− 0.097	0.017
Agric. occupation	0.005	0.005	− 0.006	0.001	0.021	0.003	− 0.006	0.080	0.000	0.019	0.000	0.019	− 0.002	0.016	0.001	0.011	0.000	0.019
Cooperative	0.037	0.017	− 0.429	0.015	0.005	0.002	0.129	0.302	0.041	0.016	0.041	0.016	− 0.003	0.013	0.044	0.010	0.041	0.016
Livestock ownership TLU	0.006	0.004	0.062	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.041	0.093	− 0.005	0.002	− 0.005	0.002	− 0.001	0.002	− 0.004	0.001	− 0.005	0.002
Own registered company	− 0.018	0.016	− 0.344	0.012	0.006	0.003	− 0.264	0.188	0.009	0.032	0.009	0.032	0.043	0.028	− 0.034	0.017	0.009	0.032
Selection correction terms
_m0	0.028	0.028	− 0.031	0.005	0.107	0.014	− 0.033	0.410	− 0.002	0.099	− 0.002	0.099	− 0.010	0.085	0.007	0.059	− 0.002	0.099
_m1	0.192	0.091	− 2.221	0.075	0.024	0.009	0.668	1.568	0.213	0.082	0.213	0.082	− 0.016	0.066	0.229	0.054	0.213	0.082
_m2	0.030	0.022	0.319	0.014	− 0.001	0.001	0.214	0.484	− 0.027	0.009	− 0.027	0.009	− 0.005	0.008	− 0.022	0.005	− 0.027	0.009
_cons	− 0.273	0.068	0.501	0.032	− 0.055	0.009	0.895	0.674	0.115	0.083	0.115	0.083	0.018	0.071	0.095	0.047	0.115	0.083

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