Are smallholder farmers benefiting from malt barley contract farming engagement in Ethiopia?

Table 6 Propensity score and covariate balancing

Variable		Mean		%Bias	% Bias reduction	p value
Variable		Treated	Control	%Bias	% Bias reduction	p value
P-score	Unmatched	0.583	0.28	129.6		0.000
P-score	Matched	0.517	0.51	3.3	97.5	0.789
Age	Unmatched	40.12	43.10	− 34.2		0.003
Age	Matched	41.76	41.78	− 0.3	99.2	0.983
Sex	Unmatched	0.779	0.76	4.1		0.722
Sex	Matched	0.761	0.77	− 2.1	48.6	0.877
Education	Unmatched	3.98	3.38	16.2		0.186
Education	Matched	4.06	4.50	− 11.8	27.3	0.586
Family size	Unmatched	5.85	5.05	40.7		0.001
Family size	Matched	5.88	6.13	− 12.8	68.6	0.382
Credit	Unmatched	0.377	0.26	24.3		0.034
Credit	Matched	0.440	0.44	− 1.6	93.4	0.912
Coop member	Unmatched	0.440	0.32	22.9		0.046
Coop member	Matched	0.348	0.40	− 11.7	48.9	0.389
Livestock	Unmatched	1.60	1.00	62.0		0.000
Livestock	Matched	1.17	1.09	7.5	87.9	0.396
Barley land	Unmatched	1.62	1.09	65.6		0.000
Barley land	Matched	1.55	1.62	− 8.6	86.9	0.567
Extension contact	Unmatched	4.46	2.67	81.2		0.000
Extension contact	Matched	3.53	3.37	7.3	91.1	0.535
Distance to collect	Unmatched	3.91	5.53	− 56.7		0.000
Distance to collect	Matched	4.22	4.24	− 0.7	98.7	0.957
Experience	Unmatched	3.89	3.24	53.1		0.000
Experience	Matched	3.84	3.70	11.8	77.8	0.404

ISSN: 2048-7010