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Table 1 Country, number (NP) and area (ha) of forest patches, proximity to the patches (m), type of pollinators, matrix around forest patches, and key results of studies that have investigated the distance-dependent effects of forest patches on bees

From: Amount, distance-dependent and structural effects of forest patches on bees in agricultural landscapes

References

Country

NP

Area

Proximity

Pollinator

Matrix

Key results

[53]

USA

8

3–215

16–324

Honeybee; bumblebee

Farm

Pollination did not have a significant relationship with distance from the forest

[62]

USA

–

–

1000

Native and honeybee

Watermelon

Pollen deposition by native bees was significantly lower at far farms (those surrounded by  < 1% natural habitat)

[58]

Indonesia

–

–

0–900

Native bees

Coffee

By increasing distance from the forest edge, social bee abundance decreased. In contrast, social bees’ densities increased

[93]

Costa Rica

3

46–111

50–1600

Native and honeybee

Coffee

Visitation rate, pollen deposition, and bee richness were higher near (100 m) forest fragments

[31]

Brazil

–

–

1000

Native bees

Coffee

An increase (14.6%) was observed in farms near the forest

[95]

Costa Rica

2

60–100

50–1600

Native and honeybee

Coffee

Bee richness, visiting rate, and pollen deposition decreased significantly with increasing distance from forest patches

[95]

New Zealand

–

–

0–111

Native and honeybee

Kiwifruit

Visitation of all non-honeybee visitors per flower was significantly higher for orchards near native vegetation

[95]

USA

–

–

100

Native bees

Almond

Despite the proximity of orchards to natural habitats, there was no substantial visitation by native species

[121]

Ecuador

–

–

100–500

Cavity-nesting bees

Rice and coffee

Forest distance correlated positively with bee species richness

[25]

Argentina

–

–

0–1000

Native and honeybee

Grapefruit

By increasing the distance from the forest, visiting frequency decreased. At distances greater than 500 m from forest fragments, honeybees decreased significantly

[59]

Indonesia

–

–

0–1415

Megachilidae

Arable land

By increasing the distance from the forest, the total number of bees decreased

[56]

USA

–

–

2000

Ground-nesting bees

Sunflower

More abundant and diverse communities of bees were found nesting at farms with patches of natural habitat nearby than farms that were far away from natural habitat (having  < 25% of forest cover in a radius of 2 km)

[126]

USA

–

–

500–1500

Osmia lignaria

Farm

By increasing distance from forest offspring reduction increased

[19]

Costa Rica

1

230

0–1500

Native and honeybee

Farm and pasture

Near the forest, honeybees accounted for 5% of the total samples, while stingless bees accounted for 50%. As the distance from the forest increased, meliponines decreased to 20% and honeybees increased to 45%

[100]

Kenya

–

–

0–5000

Honeybees

–

At distances of less than 1 km from the forest, the amount of honey produced was doubled that of the hives located at a distance of 3 km

[63]

India

–

0.3–200

10–500

Native and honeybee

Coffee

Distance from forest patches did not affect pollinators

[16]

Mexico

1

15

1–400

Euglossine

Coffee

By increasing the distance from the forest, euglossine abundance decreased

[12]

India

–

–

1400

Social bee

Coffee

By increasing the distance from the forest, the total visitor abundance decreased in rain-fed agroforests

[77]

Argentina

–

–

5–1000

Honeybee

Soybean

By increasing the distance from the forest, total visitation rates decreased

[2]

Brazil

2

900–1200

100–1000

Euglossine

Pasture

By increasing distance from forest, abundance, richness, and diversity of orchid bees decreased

[14]

Spain

1

40

500–1800

Honeybee; native bees

Farm

Honeybee abundance can increase with greater distance from the forest

[109]

Thailand

10

3.6–650

20,000

Stingless bees

Orchard

Pollination success in near farms (< 1 km) was enhanced substantially by proximity to the forest than far farms (> 7 km)

[52]

USA

–

–

0–1000

Native and honeybee

Orchard

By increasing the distance from forest patches, the number of bee visits to apple flowers decreased

[30]

Brazil

1

2176

250–500

Cavity-nesting bees

Farm

At the forest edge, parasitism and mortality were more observed

[49]

Brazil

–

–

1500

Apoidea

Coffee

Reducing yield gaps and higher biodiversity were found in farms near the forest

[105]

Brazil

1

0.6

600–4000

Xylocopa

Passion fruit

By increasing the distance from the forest, total visitation rates of Xylocopa decreased

[108]

Thailand

10

360–65,000

50–30,000

Stingless bee

Orchard

At sites near (< 1 km) the forest, the average number of visitor interactions was higher

[22]

Indonesia

–

–

200–1000

Native bees

Cucumber

In farms near (< 200) to the forest, pollinators were significantly lower compared to farms far (> 1000) from the forest

Distance from the forest did not affect the productivity of cucumbers

[71]

Brazil

–

–

500–1500

Stingless bee

Mixed

By increasing distance from forest, Stingless bee richness decreased regardless of body size. In contrast, stingless bee body size increased

[86]

Brazil

14

1–39

500

Native bees

Pasture

By increasing the distance from the forest, β-diversity increased

[107]

Estonia

–

–

2000

Bumblebee

Farm

The species richness and abundance were higher in the margins next to the forest compared to the margins next to open habitats

[32]

Nepal

–

–

100–2100

Honeybee; solitary bees

Mustard

By increasing the distance from the forest, diversity measures decreased

[46]

Brazil

–

–

400

Meliponini

Coffee

By increasing distance from forest, bee richness and abundance decreased. Bee abundance decreased only when the coffee cover dominated the landscapes matrix

[50]

Argentina

–

1–15

0–200

Native and honeybees

Soybean

By increasing distance from forest, pollen deposition and total visitation rates of native bees decreased

[99]

Mexico

–

–

1000

Native bees

Soybean

The presence of preserved patches contributes to the richness and the abundance of bees, due to the maintenance of wildflowers and ruderal plants in patches next to the crop fields, providing a continuous source of pollen

[125]

Thailand

–

–

1500–15,000

Stingless bees

Orchard

By increasing the distance from the forest, pollinator specialization decreased