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Table 1 Evaluation metrics for PfR projects focused on market creation, by analysis method

From: An evaluation framework and empirical evidence on the effect of pay-for-results programs on the development of markets for welfare-enhancing agricultural technologies

Market system analysis

Evaluation question

Did the PfR motivate the private sector to overcome key constraints to developing an inclusive market?

Metrics

Demand-side and supply-side constraints to market development [FS]

Role of enabling environment in promoting or constraining development of market [FS]

Evaluation question

Did the PfR engage the private sector?

Metrics

Numbers of market actors competing and number that win the prize [FS]

Type of market actors that compete and type that win (e.g., large companies, traders)[FS]

Private sector actors' business cases for investment in market [FS]

Evaluation question

Did PfR lead to the development of an inclusive and sustainable market?

Metrics

Percentage of target product produced or transacted in the relevant market area

Participation of smallholder farmers, women and other marginalized groups relative to their presence in the relevant market area

Competitor’s demonstrated engagement or intent to continue to engage in the market

Causal impact analysis

Evaluation question

Did the PfR lead to technology adoption by farmers?

Metrics

Farmers’ knowledge, attitude, practices regarding the technology

Farmers' adoption of technology

Differential impacts on adoption for vulnerable subgroups

Evaluation question

Did the PfR lead to improved farmer well-being?

Metrics

Farmer well-being

Differential impacts on well-being for vulnerable subgroups

Cost-effectiveness analysis

Evaluation question

Was the PfR cost-effective?

Metrics

Prize amounts paid as a proportion of costs of prize amounts paid, project design, management and verification [FS]

Cost per persons reached, volumes traded

Costs per unit of 'result' (“R” in PfR) achieved

Costs per unit of final outcomes measured