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Table 1 Variable name and definition of selected characteristics of farmers using improved and non-improved technologies

From: The impact of uptake of selected agricultural technologies on rice farmers’ income distribution in Ghana

Variable

Description

Users of improved technologies (n = 516)

Non-improved users (n = 401)

Mean difference (t-value)

Gender

1 if the farmer is women, 0 otherwise

0.22 (0.41)

0.81 (0.39)

−0.59 (−22.24)***

Age

Age of respondent (years)

43.87 (12.24)

50.95 (13.20)

−7.08 (−8.31)***

Adult size

Number of adults in the household

8.35 (2.74)

7.62 (2.51)

0.74 (4.25)**

FSize

Total rice area (acres)

3.86 (2.72)

3.10 (3.62)

0.77 (3.54)***

Lowner

1 if farmer own land, 0 otherwise

0.66 (0.47)

0.36 (0.48)

0.30 (9.65)***

Extension

1 if a farmer attended relevant extension training programme, 0 otherwise

0.39 (0.49)

0.18 (0.39)

0.21 (7.12)***

Seed

Average cost of seed (gh¢)

142.33 (192.38)

0.00 (0.00)

142.33 (16.81)***

Total Livestock Unit (TLU)a

TLU (Total Livestock Unit)

1.89 (4.90)

0.99 (3.16)

0.90 (3.32)***

Baby

Number of children below 5 years

2.26 (1.49)

3.57 (1.52)

−1.31 (−13.12)***

Othercrops

Average income from other crops (gh¢)

298.32 (572.85)

224.57 (478.35)

73.75 (2.12)**

TFlabourb

Average total family labour hours employed by the farmer in the rice production

539.11 (194.33)

524.53 (169.26)

4.58 (1.21)

  1. Source: Field data, 2016
  2. Estimates in the brackets are standard deviations; **, *** represent significant differences of 5% and 1%, respectively
  3. aLivestock owned by selected farmers include pig, chicken/guinea fowl, cattle, sheep, goat, donkey, duck. The number of livestock was converted to a single unit known as Tropical Livestock Units (TLU). In line with [57] and [58], approximation of TLU was done by multiplying the mean value of a specific livestock by its respective tropical livestock unit
  4. bHours are stated on a weekly basis;
  5. Ghana cedis (gh¢) and 1$ = gh¢ 3.8148, as at January 2016