Skip to main content

Table 8 Mean and standard deviation of the studied indicators

From: The role of rural–urban linkages in perceived environmental effects of farmers for participation in sustainable food security plans

 

Dimensions and main indicators

Mean

Standard deviation

Rural–urban linkages

People flow

2.48

0.950

Goods and services flow

2.47

1.117

Innovation flow

2.48

0.949

Information flow

2.53

1.064

Capital flow

2.51

1.101

Total

2.40

0.760

Empowerment affected by rural–urban linkages

Training

2.68

1.207

Knowledge and skills

2.67

1.191

Accessing resources

2.36

1.168

Institutionalism

2.63

1.286

Total

2.52

0.898

Perceived environmental impacts

Perceived environmental–ecological effects

2.50

0.847

Perceived political–cultural effects

2.35

0.938

Perceived socio-economic effects

2.26

0.993

Total

2.53

0.886

Participation in sustainable food security plans

Participation in investment to diversify production

2.22

1.130

Participation in improve the infrastructure of agricultural and non-agricultural production

2.32

1.174

Participation in process products

2.18

1.159

Participation in market products

2.39

1.194

Total

2.32

1.089

  1. Source: Research findings, 2020
Back to article page

Agriculture & Food Security

ISSN: 2048-7010