Table 5 Process of indexing the concept of perceived environmental impacts, farmers' participation, and sustainable food security
Latent variable | Observed variables | PLS | Researches |
|---|---|---|---|
Perceived environmental–ecological effects | Improving the soil, suitable cultivated lands, water resources and suitable transmission and utilization infrastructure | GQ1 | Echebiri et al. (2017) [3]; Moa (2013) [15]; Sharaunga et al. (2016) [52]; Diiro et al. (2018) [14]; Fahsbender et al. (2020) [16]; Chi et al. (2007) [92] |
Improving the growing of plant species, native seeds, and products compatible with the region | GQ2 | ||
Improving access to natural, fresh, healthy (organic) food | GQ3 | ||
Improving the safety of resources and food and reducing environmental pollutants | GQ4 | ||
perceived political–cultural effects | Improving incentive policies to promote planting technology, harvesting and food diversity, and innovative initiatives in this area | HQ1 | |
Improving policy-making in line with the cultivation pattern of each region and adjusted to market needs | HQ2 | ||
Achieving an increased level of nutritional literacy | HQ3 | ||
Achieving product packaging and appropriate methods of long-term storage of products | HQ4 | ||
Achieving self-reliance in the production of basic goods and maintaining and improving the soil after production | HQ5 | ||
Stability in low food price fluctuations | HQ6 | ||
Perceived socio-economic effects | Providing facilities, seeds, fertilizers and the appropriate quantity and quality of available food | IQ1 | |
Exploitation systems to develop the production of agricultural products for domestic and foreign markets | IQ2 | ||
Activities of rural organizations and cooperatives to create new mechanized agricultural systems | IQ3 | ||
Social participation to change traditional operating systems to new ones | IQ4 | ||
Stability in low price fluctuations in food consumption and increase production efficiency | IQ5 | ||
Participation in sustainable food security plans | Participation in investment to diversify production | JQ1 | Thilmany et al. (2013)[88] Yahaya et al. (2017) [94] Zbinden and Lee (2005) [93] Eugenio et al. (2017) [91] Hilhorst and Guijt (2006) [80] Hiemstra (2012) [84] |
Participation in improve the infrastructure of agricultural and non-agricultural production | JQ2 | ||
Participation in process products | JQ3 | ||
Participation to market products | JQ4 |