Effective component (Latent variable) | Observed variables | Symbol | Researches | |
---|---|---|---|---|
People flow | An urban and rural specialist workforce | AQ1 | Tacoli et al. (2013) [17] Moa (2013) [15] Burchi and De Muro (2007) [70]; Nwokolo (2015) [72]; Echebiri et al. (2017) [3] Douglass (1998) [1] Balakrishnan (2005) [2] | |
Targeting institutionalism | ||||
Goods and services flow | Agricultural services and production support | AQ2 | ||
Transportation of products | ||||
Innovation flow | Innovation in production | AQ3 | ||
Branding and marketing | ||||
Innovation in product supply | ||||
Information flow | workshops | AQ4 | ||
ICT | ||||
Capital flow | Investing in formal and informal resources | AQ5 | ||
Production and service investment | ||||
Economic organizations and enterprises and microcredit | ||||
Empowerment | Training | Specialized training in promoting the production of new and higher quality products | BQ1 | Akkoyunlu (2015) [4]; Fahsbender et al. (2020) [16]; Galièa et al. (2019) [74]; Diiro et al. (2018) [14] Ramos and Prideaux (2014) [69]; Rowlands (1995) [77] |
Productive and non-productive training to improve the knowledge and scientific and technical skills of farmers | BQ2 | |||
Holding training courses to turn traditional and subsistence agriculture into industrial and competitive and informing them | BQ3 | |||
Knowledge and skills | Knowledge and information and skills relating to agricultural and non-agricultural production | CQ1 | ||
Knowledge and information and skills related to production and service activities | CQ2 | |||
Accessing resources | Accessing to environmental resources such as water, fertile soil and suitable land | DQ1 | ||
Accessing to formal and informal financial resources | DQ2 | |||
Accessing to local organizations and institutions, social networks to offer products and exchange information | DQ3 | |||
Accessing to product transportation networks | DQ4 | |||
Institutionalism | Urban organizations in connecting to villages | EQ1 | ||
Formal and informal urban institutions interacting with rural and agricultural institutions | EQ2 | |||
Integrating land management through a partnership with legal organizations | EQ3 |