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Table 3 Sustainable food security variables

From: The role of rural–urban linkages in perceived environmental effects of farmers for participation in sustainable food security plans

Variable

The main dimensions

Index

 

Sustainable food security

Environmental–ecological

Availability

- Suitable soil and suitable lands for growing crops

 

- Water resources and infrastructure for proper and sustainable use and transfer of water

 

- Favorable climate for crops

 

- Plant species, native seeds, and local produce

 

- Water and soil resources are not protected

 

-Reasonable exploitation without maintaining the quality of resources

 

-Improper cultivation with the ecological environment of the region

 

- Farmers' awareness of the principles of sustainability

 

-Protecting resources from environmental pollution

 

Access

- Access to natural and healthy food (organic)

 

- Access to fresh food

 

-Access to food hygiene

 

- Access to local food consistent with people's tastes

 

- Access to products by the principles of regional sustainability

 

Utilization

- Utilization of healthy and organic foods

 

- Utilization of seeds and seedlings suitable for growing crops

 

- Improvement in the quantity and quality of agricultural lands

 

- Progress in the amount and quality of gardens and farms

 

- Controlling and managing land use conservation

 

- Improper use of fertilizers and chemical toxins

 

Stability

- Stability in the proper use of resources

 

- Stability in reducing the threatening environmental pollution

 

- Stability in resource and food safety

 

- Stability in increasing the level of environmental health

 

- Stability in harvesting at the right time

 

- Stability in the optimal use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides

 

- Stability in controlling and managing land use conservation

 

- Stability in the proper use of resources

 

- Stability in reducing the threatening environmental pollution

 

- Stability in resource and food safety

 

- Stability in increasing the level of environmental health

 

- Stability in harvesting at the right time

 

- Stability in the optimal use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides

 

- Stability in controlling and managing land use conservation

 

Socio-Economic

Availability

- Adequate quantity and quality of available food

 

- Availability to improve production efficiency

 

- Facilities, seeds, and fertilizers

 

-Availability to provide insurance and compensation

 

- Availability to provide services and facilities for manufacturers to create, upgrade and empower production

 

- Availability to upgrade manufacturers' confidence to have a good consumer market

 

-Availability to improve the exploitation system to develop the production of products for domestic and foreign markets

 

Access

- Low cost of access to food

 

- Sufficient household income to buy the food needed

 

- Decreasing production costs

 

- Access markets to sell products

 

- Reduce local production

 

- Access to conversion industries

 

- Access to fair prices in the distribution of products

 

- Access to eliminate items such as food hoarding

 

- Social participation to change the systems of exploitation from traditional to new systems

 

Utilization

- Low fluctuations in food prices

 

- Adequate household savings to buy food in case of emergency

 

- Quantitative and qualitative development of horticultural, agricultural, and livestock products

 

- Low vulnerability to food consumption required in economic fluctuations during the year

 

Stability

- Stability in low fluctuations in food prices

 

- Stability in increasing production efficiency

 

- Stability in the availability of food needed by the household

 

- Stability in the provision of facilities, seeds, and fertilizers

 

- Stability in increasing local production

 

Political-Cultural

Availability

- Policy-making and planning to increase support from urban centers

 

- Implementation of policies and support programs for insurance, marketing, advertising, branding, financial facilities

 

- Incentive policies to promote planting, holding, and harvesting technologies

 

- Implementation of transportation programs for agricultural products to national and global levels

 

- Planning to increase the efficiency of food supply centers

 

- Food diversity and innovative initiatives in agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, and aquaculture

 

- Use of appropriate technologies for food production

 

- Livestock and poultry management using modern methods

 

- Education and awareness of the local community and stakeholders in the direction of environmental sustainability

 

- Preservation and promotion of indigenous knowledge

 

- Entrepreneurship and sustainable employment policies in the field of agriculture and related to agriculture

 

- Implementation of policies to increase territorial justice to achieve food products

 

- Policy-making and planning to price agricultural products considering the interests of producer and consumer groups

 

- Implementation of policies to remove intermediaries and dealers from the process of marketing products

 

- Crop cultivation pattern suitable for each region and by market needs

 

Access

- Access to research and educational services to farmers

 

- Access to increase nutritional literacy levels

 

- Access to improve product packaging

 

- Access to improve product branding

 

- Access to self-reliance in the production of essential goods

 

- Access to food without suffering mental and physical harm

 

- Sense of social justice in access to food among the people

 

- Access to proper methods of long-term storage of products

 

Utilization

- Food culture and local products

 

- Increase in local production

 

- Knowledge about the quality of food consumed

 

- Low waste of food products

 

- The proper diet of family members

 

- Awareness of the various benefits of food

 

- Appropriate diet plan for family members to consume during the week

 

Stability

- Stability consumption of a variety of foods needed by households throughout the year

 

- Stability in incentive policies to upgrade machinery and equipment technology

 

- Stability in livestock management using modern methods

 

- Stability in soil maintenance and improvement after production

 

- Stability in low fluctuations in food prices

 

Infrastructure

Availability

- Sufficient food supply centers

 

- Availability to enhance the situation of agricultural lands in micro-lands

 

- Availability to improve resource management (water, soil)

 

- Availability to the improvement of production infrastructure

 

- Availability to improve the quantity and quality of agricultural and non-agricultural lands

 

- Availability to improve product storage centers

 

- Product packaging centers

 

- Availability to upgrade product transfer centers

 

- Access to agricultural, horticultural, livestock, and aquaculture inputs

 

Access

- Access to improve production efficiency through integration

 

- Access to greenhouse inputs

 

- Access to cultivation patterns appropriate to available water resources, production capacities, and climatic conditions

 

- Access to proper machinery

 

- Accessibility to improve access to food

 

Utilization

- Utilization to improve storage, processing, distribution, and transportation

 

-Knowledge about the quality of food consumed

 

Stability

- Stability in the adequacy of food supply centers

 

- Stability in equipping and renovating farms and gardens

 

- Stability in improving natural resource management

 

- Stability in access to production inputs

  1. Source: [A review of the related literature, 2020, 3, 14,15,16, 48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65]