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Table 7 Variable costs for growers (n = 83) and non-growers of improved varieties (n = 129) (TZS/ha)

From: Delineating investment opportunities for stakeholders in sorghum seed systems: a logit model perspective

Average variable costs

Improved variety seeds

Old variety

Rented land

1,95,319.76 (36.7)

1,60,852.71 (33.9)

Land preparation

72,994.71 (13.7)

69,336.21 (14.6)

Seed cost

39,329.94 (7.4)

54,504 (11.5)

Fertilizer

17,718.02 (3.3)

5687.98 (1.2)

Weeding

93,546.51 (17.6)

61,937.98 (13.07)

Ridge

8575.58 (1.6)

2228.68 (0.5)

Insecticides

9898.55 (1.86)

2029.07 (0.4)

Other pesticides

1482.55 (0.3)

12,500 (2.6)

Threshing and winnowing

24,139.53 (4.5)

27,074.61 (5.7)

Harvesting cost

4229.65 (0.7)

8412.79 (1.7)

Transport cost

27,848.84 (5.2)

26,346.89 (5.5)

Security

14,651.16 (2.7)

17,461.24 (3.6)

Grading

6468.02 (1.2)

10,218.02 (2.2)

Packaging (bag and packaging)

14,777.88 (2.7)

15,294.89 (3.2)

Total variable costs

5,30,980.41

4,73,885.91

  1. 1 USD = 2315 TZS during the period of data collection
  2. Figures in parentheses are percentage of items of total variable cost