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Table 1 Definitions of study variables and their descriptive statistics

From: Women empowerment, Land Tenure and Property Rights, and household food security among smallholders in Nigeria

Variables

Descriptive statistics

Min

Max

Mean

Std Dev.

Dependent variables

 Household dietary diversity score (number of food groups consumed)

1.00

12.00

6.39

2.53

 Household food security score (number of affirmative responses)

0.00

18.00

6.93

5.48

Land tenure and property rights variables

 Cultivating maize only (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.39

0.49

 Farm size (Ha)

0.06

134.50

5.93

8.99

 Lowland share of farmland

0.00

1.00

0.49

0.45

 Simpson Index (land fragmentation)

0.00

0.96

0.25

0.28

 Simpson Diversity Index (crop diversity)

0.00

0.67

0.12

0.16

 Maize × farm size

0.00

120.00

2.48

7.23

 Maize × lowland

0.00

1.00

0.09

0.25

 Maize × SI

0.00

0.96

0.11

0.23

 Maize × SDI

0.00

0.67

0.05

0.11

 Purchased share of farmland

0.00

1.00

0.18

0.35

 Leasehold share of farmland

0.00

1.00

0.19

0.37

 Communal share of farmland

0.00

1.00

0.10

0.28

 Registered × freehold share

0.00

1.00

0.09

0.24

 Credit amount

0.00

1,800,000

97,783.72

557,487.40

Empowerment variables

 Female achievement in asset

0.00

1.00

0.53

0.50

 Female achievement in group membership (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.60

0.49

 Female achievement in productive decision (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.63

0.48

 Female achievement over control of income (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.48

0.50

 Female achievement in credit (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.16

0.37

 Female achievement in workload (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.76

0.43

 Parity (parity = 1)

0.00

1.00

0.32

0.47

Other controls

 Extension contact (at least once = 1; none = 0)

0.00

1.00

0.69

0.46

 Age of head (years)

18.00

85.00

46.01

11.57

 Age squared

324.00

7225.00

2252.24

1131.14

 Education of head (schooling years)

0.00

18.00

7.81

5.85

 Gender of head (female = 1, male = 0)

0.00

1.00

0.07

0.25

 Head is single (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.01

0.10

 Head is widowed/divorced (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.01

0.11

 Head works off-farm (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.59

0.49

 Household size (number of people)

1.00

42.00

9.51

5.90

 Dependent ratio

0.00

17.00

1.61

1.71

 Location is North central (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.17

0.37

 Location is Northeast (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.08

0.27

 Location is Southeast (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.09

0.29

 Location is South-south (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.08

0.28

 Location is South west (1 if yes, 0 otherwise)

0.00

1.00

0.18

0.39