Gendered determinants of food insecurity in ongoing regional conflicts, North and South Kivu, the Democratic Republic of Congo

Table 5 Multilevel ordinal regression of food insecurity (using the summative food insecurity scale based on FAO/FIES scale 1–5, where 1 represents lower level of food insecurity and 5 represents higher level of food insecure)

Variables	Odds ratio	95% Confidence interval		p-value
Age	1.045	0.988	1.105	0.118
Age squared	0.999	0.998	0.999	0.037
Education
No education (reference)	1
Primary	0.764	0.519	1.126	0.174
Secondary	0.594	0.403	0.877	0.009
University	0.664	0.356	1.239	0.199
Number of children	1.052	0.998	1.108	0.056
Wealth perception
Same (reference)	1
Much richer	0.238	0.063	0.895	0.034
Somewhat richer	0.351	0.239	0.518	< 0.0001
Somewhat poorer	3.314	2.506	4.384	< 0.0001
Much poorer	5.660	3.746	8.551	< 0.0001
Married	1.611	0.927	2.800	0.090
Income-generating activities
None(reference)	1
Employment	1.565	1.179	2.078	0.002
Self-employment	2.266	1.484	3.452	< 0.0001
Urban (reference)	1
Rural	0.483	0.326	0.714	< 0.0001
Decision-making in the couple	0.687	0.538	0.877	0.003
Breadwinner
Myself (reference)
Husband/partner	1.283	0.880	1.869	0.194
Someone else(relative)	1.272	0.712	2.272	0.416
Relation to the head
Herself (reference)	1
Partner/husband	0.633	0.399	1.004	0.052
Relative	1.357	0.684	2.690	0.382
Violence scale	1.296	1.054	1.594	0.014
Cut 1	− 1.656	− 0.422		− 2.891
Cut 2	− 0.606	− 0.621		− 1.833
Cut 3	0.086	1.314		− 1.141
Cut 4	0.686	1.916		− 0.542
Village var(cons)	0.540	0.895		0.326

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