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Table 4 Factors affecting plot-level productivity (log value of crop produced per hectare).

From: Does fertilizer adoption enhance smallholders’ commercialization? An endogenous switching regression model from northern Ethiopia

Variables

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Instrument: distance to plot (hour)

− 0.776*** (0.266)

− 0.263 (0.173)

 

Log of fertilizer used (kg/ha)

 

0.228*** (0.037)

0.646*** (0.093)

Residual from first stage

  

− 0.451*** (0.092)

Head’s gender (female = 1)

− 0.597** (0.244)

− 0.026 (0.152)

0.193 (0.173)

Head’s age (years)

0.009 (0.007)

− 0.009** (0.005)

− 0.013*** (0.005)

Head’s education (illiterate = 1)

− 0.689*** (0.207)

0.146 (0.140)

0.471*** (0.152)

Family size (number)

0.169** (0.067)

0.126*** (0.044

− 0.086 (0.055)

Male adult (number)

0.189** (0.098)

− 0.046 (0.065)

− 0.106 (0.058)

Female adult (number)

0.202** (0.107)

− 0.0698 (0.071)

0.193** (0.173)

Access to irrigation (yes = 1)

 

0.502*** (0.149)

0.451*** (0.128)

Rainfall of production season

 

0.033 (0.021)

0.024 (0.033)

Constant

3.601*** (1.390)

6.641*** (1.38)

6.698*** (2.177)

Crop fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

Plot characteristics

Yes

Yes

Yes

District fixed effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

R2

 

0.2249

0.2404

Left censored observation

186

  

Uncensored observation

440

  

Prob > chi2

0.000

0.0000

0.0000

Total observation

626

626

626

  1. ***, **, **refers at 1, 5 and 10% level of significance. Numbers in parenthesis are standard errors bootstrapping with 4 400 replications