Does coal mining affect household food security? An empirical study of Dhanbad, India

Table 4 Households reported food shortage according to high index value of different livelihood capitals, Dhanbad, India, 2015.

High index	Villages not affected by mining activity		Villages affected by mining activity		Total
High index	%	[χ²]	%	[χ²]	%	[χ²]
Natural capital	63.9	[11.9***]	40.2	[5.7**]	53.7	[21.1***]
Social capital	34.3	[2.1]	45.1	[3.7*]	39.0	[7.3***]
Economic capital	12.0	[32.4***]	13.4	[33.5***]	12.6	[67.8***]
Human capital	28.7	[13.7***]	30.5	[4.5**]	29.5	[16.6***]
Physical capital	18.5	[27.1***]	22.0	[47.1***]	20.0	[77.1***]
All capital	19.4	[29.7***]	18.3	[54.4***]	19.0	[85.8***]
N	108		82		190

Livelihood capital indexes (High level + Low level = 100%), the high value means higher the utilization level and vice versa; level of significance: *p value < 0.1, **p value < 0.05, ***p value < 0.01; N total household sample

ISSN: 2048-7010