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Table 4 Regression on covariates, propensity score and Heckman treatment effects (maize farm income per capita as dependent variable)

From: Agricultural extension and its effects on farm productivity and income: insight from Northern Ghana

Variable

Regression on covariates

Regression on propensity scores

Heckman treatment effect

Coefficient

SE

Coefficient

SE

Coefficient

SE

ACDEP extension

0.135

0.120

0.113c

0.063

1.113a

0.192

ACDEP pscore

  

3.663a

0.749

  

Distance to local market

− 0.142a

0.029

− 0.136a

0.036

  

Distance to regional market

− 0.037b

0.014

− 0.019

0.088

  

Gender of household head

0.165

0.138

0.136

0.131

0.209

0.121

Formal education

0.009

0.011

0.024b

0.007

0.014a

0.012

Household size

0.091a

0.011

− 0.117a

0.011

0.097a

0.012

Farming experience

0.002

0.006

0.021a

0.007

− 0.008

0.006

Access to credit

0.052

0.159

0.801a

0.232

0.179b

0.018

Membership of FBO

0.138

0.137

0.030

0.122

0.309a

0.049

Number of maize farm plots

0.106

0.093

0.319b

0.125

− 0.025

0.107

Farm size (maize)

0.345a

0.043

0.217a

0.048

0.312a

0.048

Constant

6.228a

0.206

5.596a

0.235

6.040

0.234

Adjusted R-squared

0.535

 

0.585

   

Lambda

    

0.632

0.107a

LR Chi2(1) = 13.43

    

0.000*

 

Breusch–Pagan/Cook–Weisberg test

 Chi2(1)

 

0.380

0.240

   

 Prob > Chi2

 

0.538

0.622

   

 VIF (mean)

 

1.390

2.65

   

 Observations

200

 

200

 

200

 
  1. *denotes significance level of LR Chi2 and it is at 1% level
  2. a,b,cdenote significance levels at 1, 5 and 10%, respectively