| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | p values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster I | Cluster II | Cluster III | Cluster IV | Cluster V | Cluster VI | All clusters | |||
Means | Means | Means | Means | Means | Means | Means | SD | ||
Household characteristics | |||||||||
 Household head is female | 0.364 | 0.733 | 0.476 | 0.048 | 0.135 | 0.222 | 0.293 | 0.457 | 0.0000 |
 Age of household head | 67.545 | 60.867 | 45.667 | 57.048 | 39.806 | 37.333 | 49.277 | 15.716 | 0.0000 |
 Education attained at least primary | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.857 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.966 | 0.183 | 0.0159 |
 Married | 0.545 | 0.133 | 0.619 | 0.952 | 0.892 | 0.667 | 0.690 | 0.465 | 0.0000 |
 Main occupation is farming | 0.818 | 1.000 | 0.905 | 0.762 | 0.811 | 1.000 | 0.853 | 0.355 | 0.2393 |
 Land size | 1.282 | 1.113 | 0.952 | 1.729 | 2.212 | 2.544 | 1.694 | 1.522 | 0.0079 |
 Household size | 2.545 | 3.800 | 5.524 | 6.524 | 5.378 | 4.889 | 5.061 | 2.079 | 0.0000 |
 Labour | 1.545 | 2.267 | 3.476 | 4.286 | 3.000 | 2.333 | 3.035 | 1.487 | 0.0000 |
 Farming experience | 29.309 | 28.600 | 19.714 | 26.762 | 12.216 | 9.111 | 19.812 | 12.191 | 0.0000 |
 Credit access | 0.273 | 0.933 | 0.381 | 0.952 | 0.730 | 0.556 | 0.672 | 0.471 | 0.0000 |
 Extension access | 0.545 | 1.000 | 0.905 | 0.905 | 0.622 | 0.556 | 0.750 | 0.435 | 0.0017 |
 Group membership | 0.727 | 0.667 | 0.762 | 0.762 | 0.541 | 0.333 | 0.629 | 0.485 | 0.1373 |
 Received farmer training services | 0.727 | 0.800 | 0.619 | 0.952 | 0.811 | 0.222 | 0.733 | 0.444 | 0.0006 |
 Low-wealth category | 0.273 | 0.733 | 0.286 | 0.048 | 0.162 | 0.000 | 0.233 | 0.424 | 0.0000 |
 High-wealth category | 0.091 | 0.133 | 0.286 | 0.429 | 0.216 | 0.000 | 0.224 | 0.419 | 0.0792 |
Achievements and benefits from IP activities | |||||||||
 Improved market information | 0.455 | 0.400 | 0.381 | 0.429 | 0.541 | 0.000 | 0.414 | 0.495 | 0.1117 |
 Improved market access | 1.000 | 0.933 | 1.000 | 0.905 | 0.892 | 0.000 | 0.853 | 0.355 | 0.0000 |
 Improved income | 0.818 | 0.867 | 1.000 | 0.952 | 0.865 | 0.000 | 0.828 | 0.379 | 0.0000 |
 Improved conservation agriculture adoption | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.946 | 0.000 | 0.897 | 0.306 | 0.0000 |
 Improved soil fertility | 0.909 | 1.000 | 0.667 | 0.714 | 0.784 | 0.333 | 0.750 | 0.435 | 0.0051 |
 Improved crop yield | 0.091 | 0.067 | 0.333 | 0.381 | 0.054 | 0.000 | 0.164 | 0.372 | 0.0022 |
 IP_savings eased credit access | 0.091 | 0.800 | 0.286 | 0.571 | 0.135 | 0.111 | 0.319 | 0.468 | 0.0000 |
 Negotiation with banks eased credit access | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.222 | 0.060 | 0.239 | 0.0328 |
 Improved trust eased credit | 0.636 | 0.267 | 0.190 | 0.381 | 0.405 | 0.444 | 0.371 | 0.485 | 0.1978 |
 Number of markets increased | 0.909 | 0.933 | 0.381 | 1.000 | 0.703 | 0.889 | 0.759 | 0.430 | 0.0000 |
 Food produced 2012/2013 season was enough | 0.818 | 1.000 | 0.429 | 0.905 | 0.919 | 0.889 | 0.819 | 0.387 | 0.0000 |
 Food produced 2013/2014 season was enough | 0.909 | 0.867 | 0.429 | 0.667 | 0.919 | 0.778 | 0.759 | 0.430 | 0.0004 |
 Improved overall food security | 0.818 | 0.867 | 0.571 | 0.952 | 0.892 | 0.889 | 0.828 | 0.379 | 0.0151 |
 Farmer built a house | 0.364 | 0.733 | 0.429 | 0.667 | 0.541 | 0.667 | 0.560 | 0.498 | 0.2696 |
 Farmer was able to send children to school | 0.091 | 0.867 | 0.952 | 1.000 | 0.973 | 0.667 | 0.836 | 0.372 | 0.0000 |
 N (%) | 11 (9.48) | 15 (12.93) | 21 (18.10) | 21 (18.10) | 37 (31.90) | 9 (7.76) | 116 (100) |  |  |