Table 3 Food insecurity themes and corresponding items, India, 2000–2015

Anxiety relating to food budget or food supply

 Nord [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Food bought didn’t last (food no last)

75.9

2.79 (0.16)

0.75

0.16

 Agrawal et al. [21, 22]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Food did not last and no money for more

51.7

4.80 (0.4)

0.77

0.56

Meerut/urban

Hindi

Food did not last and no money for more

74.5

5.25 (0.03)

0.60

1.11

 Chatterjee et al. [25]

Mumbai/urban

Hindi

Worried household wouldn’t have enough food

61.1^a

–

–

–

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Worried food would run out

23.0

5.53 (0.21)

1.05

0.75

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Food stored ran out

18.8

6.44 (0.22)

1.30

0.46

 Chinnakali et al. [26]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Worried household would not have enough food

2.0^a

–

–

–

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra State (yes/no)

Marathi, English

Worried household would not have enough food

42.1

3.24 (0.11)

1.29

4.50

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Worried household would not have enough food

–

–

1.56

1.78

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Worried household would not have enough food

34.1

3.80 (0.19)

0.92

0.89

Perceptions of inadequate food quality or quantity

 Nord et al. [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Couldn’t afford to eat balanced meals (balanced meal)

77.3

2.94 (0.17)

1.00

4.96

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Eat less than you felt you should (ate less)

48.2

5.50 (0.14)

1.11

3.07

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Child couldn’t have a balanced meal (child balanced)

56.7

3.56 (0.17)

0.94

0.24

 Pasricha et al. [24]

Rural Karnataka

Kannada

Same as above

–

–

–

–

 Agarwal et al. [21]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Could not afford to eat balanced meal

65.8

2.25 (0.46)

1.00

0.31

 Agrawal et al. [22]

Meerut/urban

Hindi

Could not afford to eat nutritious meal (nutritious)

84.2^a

3.63 (0.03)

1.11

11.22

 UHRC [15]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Relied on only a few kinds of low-cost food to feed children

99.5^a

–

–

–

Could not afford children a balanced meal

89.7^a

Children not eating enough

83.6^a

 Chatterjee et al. [25]

Mumbai/urban

Hindi

Eat the same foods daily

60.1^a

–

–

–

Have to eat any type of food that you did not want (undesirable food)

57.6^a

 Gupta et al. [17]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Relied on only a few kinds of low-cost food to feed children

39.7

Could not feed children a balanced meal

40.4

Children not eating enough

30.9

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Did you cook bhalo mondo (‘rich food’ such as shemai, paish or polao) (not as part of a festival day) (rich food)

81.6

0.48 (0.41)

1.02

5.00

Could not give children their preferred food and had to rely on only a few kinds of low-cost food (child preferred food—low-cost food)

16.4

5.36 (0.30)

0.96

2.02

Children could not be given a varied and healthy diet (varied and healthy)

38.5

3.94 (0.35)

1.04

0.86

Children were not eating enough food

11.3

8.90 (0.33)

0.63

0.29

 Chinnakali et al. [26]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred

1.6

–

–

–

Have to eat a limited variety of foods

0.4

Have to eat some foods that you/they really did not want to eat

0.4^a

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra state (only yes/no)

Marathi, English

Not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred

36.6

4.25 (0.09)

0.88

5.99

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred

–

–

1.05

1.01

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra state (only yes/no)

Marathi, English

Have to eat a limited variety of foods

31.4

5.19 (0.09)

0.85

0.85

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Have to eat a limited variety of foods

–

–

0.91

0.90

IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra state (only yes/no)

Marathi, English

Have to eat some foods that you really did not want to eat

25.5

6.08 (0.09)

0.94

0.87

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Have to eat some foods that you really did not want to eat

–

–

0.91

0.84

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred

40.5 (65.5)^a

3.16 (0.19)

1.36

1.47

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Have to eat a limited variety of foods

26.5 (67.8)^a

4.59 (0.19)

0.88

0.74

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Have to eat some foods that you really did not want to eat

25.2 (63.2)^a

4.74 (0.19)

0.97

0.89

Reported instances of reduced food intake or its consequences for adults

 Nord et al. [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Adults in your household ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals (adult cut/skip)

43.3

6.30 (0.12)

0.76

0.32

 Nord et al. [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Hungry but didn’t eat (hungry)

31.9

7.00 (0.11)

0.98

1.11

 Agrawal et al. [21]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Cut meal size or skipped meal

23.9

8.97 (0.52)

1.07

4.63

 Agrawal et al. [21]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Hungry but couldn’t afford food

14.7

11.98 (0.72)

1.00

0.19

 Agrawal et al. [21]

Meerut/urban

Hindi

Cut meal size or skipped meal

43.5

8.14 (0.03)

0.52

0.63

 Agrawal et al. [21]

Meerut/urban

Hindi

Slept hungry but did not eat

20.7

11.98 (0.04)

1.03

6.43

 Chatterjee et al. [25]

Mumbai/urban

Hindi

Eat less than you felt you should

46.3^a

–

–

–

Adult in your household cut the size of your meals

48.4^a

Skip some of your daily meals (skip meal)

30.1^a

Food didn’t last and no money to buy more (no food)

34.0^a

Hungry and you did not eat a meal

49.8^a

Not eat for a whole day

19.1^a

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Adults in your family couldn’t eat at least two square meals (full stomach meals) a day (two square meals)

16.4

6.90 (0.22)

0.80

0.62

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Personally eat less food so that there would be more for the rest of the family (ate less)

20.0

6.15 (0.22)

0.88

0.95

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Adults in your family skip entire meals

3.8

9.74 (0.30)

0.89

1.11

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Hungry but didn’t eat

2.4

10.87 (0.44)

1.05

0.26

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Adult lost weight

20.6

6.03 (0.22)

0.78

0.42

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Adults in your family not eat for a whole day

2.2

10.87 (0.44)

0.70

0.16

 Chinnakali et al. [26]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed

0.4^a

–

–

–

Have to eat fewer meals in a day

0.8^a

No food of any kind to eat in your household

2.0^a

Go to sleep at night hungry

0.4^a

Go a whole day and night without eating anything

0.0^a

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra State (yes/no)

Marathi, English

Have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed

20.3

6.90 (0.09)

0.62

0.37

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed

–

–

0.67

0.52

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra state (yes/no)

Marathi, English

Have to eat fewer meals in a day

18.2

7.35 (0.09)

0.63

0.47

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Have to eat fewer meals in a day

–

–

0.68

0.53

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra State (yes/no)

Marathi, English

No food of any kind to eat in your household

12.2

8.65 (0.10)

0.86

0.92

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

No food of any kind to eat in your household

–

–

0.92

0.72

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra State (yes/no)

Marathi, English

Go to sleep at night hungry

7.7

9.97 (0.13)

0.85

7.04

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Maharashtra state (only yes/no)

Marathi, English

Go a whole day and night without eating

4.5

11.37 (0.18)

1.09

11.54

 IIPS-UNICEF [28]

Polytomous scale

No = 0, rarely = 1, sometimes/often = 2

Marathi, English

Go a whole day and night without eating

–

–

1.19

2.10

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Have to eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed

23.3 (59.8)

4.96 (0.19)

0.86

0.78

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Have to eat fewer meals in a day

19.6 (51.7)

5.45 (0.19)

0.88

0.76

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

No food of any kind to eat in your household

13.9 (47.3)

6.37 (0.20)

0.84

0.66

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Go to sleep at night hungry

12.1

6.75(0.20)

1.13

0.90

 IFPRI [27]

Odisha

Oriya

Go a whole day and night without eating

11.1 (31.8)

7.00

1.19

0.93

Reported instances of reduced food intake or its consequences for children

 Nord et al. [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Cut the size of any of the children’s meals/or ever skipped meals of children (child cut/skip)

14.2

8.04 (0.12)

0.86

1.95

 Nord et al. [11]

Odisha/rural

Oriya

Children ever not eat for a whole day (child whole day)

4.96

9.04 (0.16)

1.10

0.73

 UHRC [15]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Cut the size of children’s meals

64.7^b

–

–

–

Children ever hungry but you just could not afford more food

63.4^b

Children ever skip meals

34.1^b

Frequency of skipping meals

31.1^b

Child not eat for a whole day

0.0^b

 Gupta et al. [17]

Delhi/urban

Hindi

Cut the size of children’s meals

8.5

–

–

–

Children hungry but could not afford food

5.6

Children ever skip meals

2.9

Frequency of skipping meals

1.6

Child not eat for a whole day

1.3

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Children in your family could not eat at least three square meals (full stomach meals) a day (child 3 square meals)

9.1^c

9.66 (0.39)

1.25

5.37

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Skip child’s/any of the children’s meals

1.1^c

–

–

–

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Child/children hungry but you just couldn’t afford more food

1.5^c

–

–

–

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Children in the household lost weight/felt weak (child lost weight)

20.0^c

7.14 (0.28)

0.71

0.46

 Maitra [30]

Kolkata/urban

Bengali

Child did not eat a whole day

0.75^c

–

–

–

 Nord and Cafiero [29]^d

India

Multiple

Child not given enough food because of lack of money or other resources

–

–

–

–