Table 2 Access to livelihood capitals of respondents
From: Access to livelihood capitals and propensity for entrepreneurship amongst rice farmers in Ghana
Livelihood capitals | Before the technology intervention | After the technology intervention | Wilcoxon signed ranks test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levels | High | Low | High | Low | Negative ranks | Positive ranks | Z score coefficient | Asymp. sig. (2-tailed) |
Natural capital | ||||||||
Land access and utilisation | 137 (46) | 172 (57) | 218 (73) | 81 (27) | 89 | 89 | −10.222 | 0.0000 |
Water utilisation | 98 (33) | 186 (62) | 245 (82) | 55 (18) | 246 | 121.5 | −14.829 | 0.0000 |
Land tenure arrangement | 90 (30) | 208 (69) | 211 (70) | 87 (29) | 218.73 | 132.5 | −15.065 | 0.0000 |
Payment for land if rented | 189 (63) | 91 (30) | 223 (74) | 77 (26) | 78.5 | 78.5 | −11.609 | 0.0000 |
Land quality and fertility of soil | 131 (44) | 162 (54) | 198 (66) | 101 (34) | 128.85 | 121.5 | −9.2 | 0.0000 |
Watershed development and conservation facilities | 79 (26) | 162 (54) | 157 (52) | 142 (47) | 120.91 | 75.8 | −4.311 | 0.0000 |
Water streams | 164 (55) | 146 (49) | 155 (52) | 140 (47) | 98 | 115.67 | −10.4 | 0.0000 |
Physical capital | ||||||||
Road and transport to the farms | 53 (18) | 247 (82) | 73 (24) | 227 (76) | 34.85 | 28.5 | −5.958 | 0.0000 |
Market access | 92 (31) | 172 (57) | 212 (71) | 88 (29) | 29.1 | 28 | −6.171 | 0.0000 |
Silos/storage facilities | 12 (42) | 162 (54) | 145 (48) | 155 (52) | 33.17 | 30.5 | −4.130 | 0.0000 |
Farm sheds | 171 (57) | 128 (43) | 235 (78) | 65 (22) | 32.74 | 39.23 | −4.376 | 0.0000 |
Agricultural machinery | 133 (44) | 176 (59) | 147 (49) | 152 (51) | 35.68 | 37.73 | −5.581 | 0.0000 |
Irrigation infrastructure | 112 (37) | 184 (63) | 153 (51) | 143 (47) | 38.34 | 35.5 | −6.524 | 0.0000 |
Netting scare crows | 128 (43) | 172 (57) | 189 (63) | 99 (33) | 37.01 | 47.32 | −5.328 | 0.0000 |
Processing facilities (mills) | 171 (57) | 128 (43) | 235 (78) | 65 (22) | 35.87 | 46.19 | −5.904 | 0.0000 |
Housing facilities | 128 (43) | 172 (57) | 189 (63) | 99 (33) | 34.14 | 57.33 | −5.045 | 0.0000 |
Health facilities | 112 (37) | 182 (61) | 153 (51) | 144 (48) | 25.38 | 32.54 | −3.072 | 0.0020 |
Telephone access | 129 (43) | 172 (57) | 190 (63) | 99 (33) | 24.25 | 29.5 | −2.354 | 0.0190 |
Human capital | ||||||||
Extension services | 137 (46) | 161 (54) | 198 (66) | 97 (32) | 118 | 128 | −12.655 | 0.0000 |
Rice skills training | 98 (33) | 187 (62) | 267 (89) | 32 (11) | 179.47 | 132 | −14.267 | 0.0000 |
Technical training | 99 (33) | 189 (63) | 269 (90) | 33 (11) | 141 | 141 | −15.391 | 0.0000 |
Land management training | 92 (31) | 165 (55) | 187 (62) | 86 (29) | 138.5 | 138.5 | −15.229 | 0.0000 |
Disease treatment | 134 (45) | 162 (54) | 254 (85) | 46 (15) | 138.5 | 138.5 | −15.229 | 0.0000 |
Water management | 121 (40) | 173 (58) | 215 (72) | 78 (26) | 141 | 161 | −15.391 | 0.0000 |
Soil management | 127 (42) | 174 (58) | 220 (73) | 80 (27) | 138 | 148 | −14.593 | 0.0000 |
Marketing skills | 93 (31) | 197 (66) | 187 (62) | 92 (31) | 138 | 138 | −14.111 | 0.0000 |
Level of education | 167 (56) | 133 (44) | 162 (54) | 130 (43) | 132 | 136.69 | −15.098 | 0.0000 |
Innovative and creative thinking | 88 (29) | 181 (60) | 121 (40) | 173 (58) | 124 | 125.59 | −13.977 | 0.0000 |
Knowledge of farm management | 87 (29) | 178 (59) | 137 (46) | 165 (55) | 114.5 | 116.14 | −12.501 | 0.0000 |
Record keeping | 96 (32) | 194 (65) | 262 (87) | 38 (13) | 154.09 | 192.64 | −11.458 | 0.0000 |
Health status | 125 (42) | 175 (58) | 180 (60) | 120 (40) | 120 | 121.53 | −14.978 | 0.0000 |
Trainings and other services | 130 (43) | 162 (54) | 200 (67) | 96 (32) | 131.5 | 135.72 | −14.667 | 0.0000 |
Social capital | ||||||||
Relationship with relatives/neighbours | 230 (77) | 68 (23) | 231 (77) | 70 (23) | 122.29 | 89.65 | −7.552 | 0.0000 |
Labour networking (for farm work) | 161 (54) | 134 (45) | 187 (62) | 119 (40) | 115.37 | 102.65 | −7.153 | 0.0000 |
Network with MOFA, AEAs and assemblies | 126 (42) | 173 (58) | 246 (82) | 53 (18) | 95 | 100.98 | −11.706 | 0.0000 |
Network with financial institutions | 54 (18) | 165 (55) | 143 (48) | 160 (53) | 77 | 83.96 | −10.927 | 0.0000 |
Network with transporters | 98 (33) | 132 (44) | 96 (32) | 145 (48) | 79.5 | 79.5 | −9.388 | 0.0000 |
Network with shop owners and input dealers | 97 (32) | 168 (56) | 154 (51) | 143 (48) | 106.32 | 98.6 | −10.205 | 0.0000 |
Network with processors | 125 (42) | 175 (58) | 197 (66) | 102 (34) | 96.5 | 98.16 | −8.395 | 0.0000 |
Network with millers | 134 (45) | 165 (55) | 243 (81) | 52 (52) | 88 | 91.46 | −11.201 | 0.0000 |
Network with farmers association (FBOs) | 156 (52) | 140 (47) | 251 (84) | 49 (49) | 74.5 | 92.71 | −9.849 | 0.0000 |
Network with other production group(NGOs and civic group | 118 (39) | 182 (61) | 132 (44) | 165 (55) | 69.5 | 74.58 | −10.628 | 0.0000 |
Network with Village committee | 132 (44) | 165 (55) | 195 (65) | 106 (35) | 57 | 71.81 | −7.053 | 0.0000 |
Financial capital | ||||||||
Farm incomes | 178 (59) | 156 (52) | 213 (71) | 81 (27) | 82 | 82 | −3.211 | 0.0010 |
Non-farm income/revenues | 67 (22) | 98 (33) | 164 (55) | 100 (33) | 50 | 55.38 | −3.475 | 0.0010 |
Savings | 133 (44) | 167 (56) | 189 (63) | 117 (39) | 81 | 89.02 | −5.250 | 0.0000 |
Self-help groups savings | 98 (33) | 192 (64) | 153 (51) | 144 (48) | 97.26 | 87.38 | −8.248 | 0.0000 |
Credits from relatives and friends | 142 (47) | 109 (36) | 156 (52) | 131 (44) | 71 | 78.12 | −8.493 | 0.0000 |
Access to bank credits | 49 (16) | 250 (83) | 111 (37) | 184 (61) | 80.5 | 82.47 | −6.710 | 0.0000 |
Self-help groups loan (FBOs) | 83 (28) | 276 (92) | 234 (78) | 62 (21) | 75.98 | 72 | −2.646 | 0.0080 |