Table 2 Mean and standard deviation for food secure and food insecure households in the three sites (p value <0.05)
From: Households and food security: lessons from food secure households in East Africa
| Variables | Lushoto | Rakai | Wote | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI | FS | p value | FI | FS | p value | FI | FS | p value | |
| Household size (#) | 4.85 ± 1.78 | 3.90 ± 1.43 | 0.002 | 5.55 ± 2.09 | 4.24 ± 2.18 | 0.000 | 7.08 ± 2.60 | 5.39 ± 2.17 | 0.004 |
| Age of the head household (#) | 50.69 ± 12.75 | 56.64 ± 15.40 | 0.013 | 50.88 ± 13.71 | 56.04 ± 17.83 | 47.80 ± 13.13 | 51.29 ± 14.74 | ||
| Livestock asset (#) | 8.45 ± 10.12 | 8.70 ± 16.39 | 33.18 ± 34.20 | 38.40 ± 30.23 | 11.86 ± 42.01 | 4.59 ± 16.10 | |||
| Domestic asset (#) | 6.53 ± 4.25 | 6.24 ± 5.51 | 7.30 ± 6.33 | 7.32 ± 6.70 | 0.017 | 10.26 ± 5.52 | 8.38 ± 5.01 | ||
| Productive asset (#) | 7.08 ± 5.56 | 6.34 ± 6.21 | 13.05 ± 9.56 | 12.84 ± 11.43 | 15.56 ± 10.55 | 13.21 ± 7.50 | |||
| Transport asset (#) | 1.65 ± 7.24 | 1.26 ± 6.22 | 13.07 ± 31.97 | 9.15 ± 21.38 | 19.26 ± 22.57 | 13.01 ± 21.26 | |||
| Maize yield (kg ha−1) | 667.13 ± 686.46 | 615.02 ± 544.71 | 186.97 ± 168.91 | 566.20 ± 582.03 | 922.24 ± 854.92 | 1298.65 ± 1235.87 | |||
| Land per capita (ha) | 0.66 ± 0.65 | 0.72 ± 0.47 | 1.30 ± 1.34 | 1.57 ± 1.36 | 1.61 ± 2.89 | 1.30 ± 1.27 | |||
| Crops diversity (#) | 2.83 ± 1.35 | 2.97 ± 1.09 | 5.01 ± 1.59 | 5.44 ± 1.81 | 0.019 | 5.40 ± 1.43 | 5.92 ± 1.60 | ||
| Activity diversity (#) | 9.20 ± 2.12 | 8.97 ± 2.28 | 8.36 ± 1.96 | 8.92 ± 2.36 | 5.79 ± 1.77 | 6.24 ± 1.92 | 0.022 | ||
| No of non-ruminants (#) | 16.84 ± 11.62 | 14.75 ± 24.05 | 28.62 ± 25.35 | 30.08 ± 23.54 | 19.19 ± 20.67 | 19.57 ± 20.10 | |||
| No of cattle (#) | 1.38 ± 1.66 | 1.36 ± 2.07 | 5.14 ± 5.45 | 5.44 ± 5.45 | 1.80 ± 6.70 | 0.65 ± 2.91 | |||
| No of small ruminants (#) | 6.64 ± 6.23 | 6.03 ± 11.25 | 14.51 ± 12.54 | 15.04 ± 11.74 | 9.60 ± 10.34 | 9.71 ± 9.97 | |||
| Crop income (USD year−1) | 169.65 ± 263.45 | 135.45 ± 149.86 | 69.12 ± 111.68 | 94.68 ± 144.68 | 565.51 ± 809.30 | 471.58 ± 680.19 | |||
| Livestock income (USD year−1) | 38.50 ± 105.42 | 19.77 ± 47.00 | 113.04 ± 145.00 | 74.97 ± 102.42 | 16.75 ± 33.44 | 17.03 ± 36.03 | |||
| Off-farm income (USD year−1) | 235.38 ± 485.51 | 113.82 ± 149.63 | 535.97 ± 483.99 | 801.11 ± 915.99 | 966.30 ± 1161.61 | 677.84 ± 970.85 | |||
| Tot income per capita (USD year−1) | 209.33 ± 646.87 | 300.04 ± 673.90 | 353.79 ± 395.74 | 507.21 ± 581.95 | 448.81 ± 644.17 | 588.76 ± 1244.21 | |||
| Crop labour (man day−1) | 128.27 ± 134.29 | 181.25 ± 211.73 | 0.053 | 96.48 ± 84.61 | 96.77 ± 73.16 | 0.048 | 220.93 ± 207.90 | 164.41 ± 168.44 | |
| Livestock labour (man day−1) | 184.60 ± 168.70 | 147.62 ± 169.94 | 0.047 | 18.17 ± 17.29 | 25.44 ± 20.67 | 3.66 ± 3.12 | 3.68 ± 4.1 | 0.057 | |
| Market orientation (#) | 31.67 ± 26.09 | 34.08 ± 25.25 | 24.58 ± 19.33 | 29.04 ± 26.26 | 68.46 ± 27.15 | 64.57 ± 26.02 | |||
| Percentage of households | 80.4 | 19.6 | 62.1 | 37.9 | 87.2 | 12.8 | |||