Table 1 Comparative overview of major food security approaches
| Â | Food availability | Entitlement and livelihood | Food sovereignty |
|---|---|---|---|
Goal | Increase per capita available food stock | Enhance economic access to food | Control over production and decision-making process |
Strategy | Food production through intensive agriculture in favourable regions | Access to employment and income Diversify livelihood portfolio | Right to produce and consume own choice of food GMO-free and agro-ecological (including organic) agriculture Safeguard small farms from external markets and corporate agriculture |
Support-led interventions | Green revolution with public sector support Public distribution system of food | NREGA Cash transfer | Participatory research Agro-ecological research Organic certification and labelling |
Growth-led interventions | Biotechnology Agrochemical industry | Free trade and investment Industrial and infrastructure growth Rural–urban migration of labour | Farmers’ niche markets and fair trade shops Consumer-supported agriculture |
Outcome | Ends oriented: Adequacy for meeting caloric demand at national level | Capability oriented: Income and fair wages, skills development, empowerment | Means oriented: Self-sufficiency in local food production without exceeding carrying capacity of ecosystem |