Drivers of rice production: evidence from five Sub-Saharan African countries

Table 6 Macro-level variables for models

Macro-level variables	Mean
Macro-level variables	Ghana	Malawi	Nigeria	Tanzania	Mozambique
Government expenditure on agriculture and rural development^a
Government expenditure on agriculture and rural development, 2002 (lagged by 3 years) (%)^a	3.50	6.24	1.62	3.9	1.2
Government expenditure on agriculture and rural development, 2008 (lagged by 3 years) (%)^b	8.8	17.2	4.8	3.0	9.0
Budget share allocations to agriculture ratio, 2008 over 2002 (lagged by 3 years)	2.51	2.76	2.96	0.77	7.50
Imports of rice^c
Imports of rice in relation to gross domestic production 1995–1999 (%)^d	40	2	25	14	54
Imports of rice in relation to gross domestic production, 2001–2005 (%)	105	6	67	11	140
Import of rice share ratio, 2001–2005 over 1995–1999	2.63	3.00	2.68	0.79	2.59
GDP per capita^e
GDP per capita 2001 (constant year 2000 USD value)	259.8	138.4	368.7	275.9	254.7
GDP per capita 2007 (constant year 2000 USD value)	314.2	154.5	473.4	347.2	350.7
GDP per capita ratio, 2007 over 2001	1.21	1.12	1.28	1.26	1.38

Source: authors’ own calculations based on data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), except the data for Tanzania which comes from the Government of Tanzania
^aThe data refer to 1999. We used lagged data to allow time for government policies to have impact on farmers’ production and production decisions
^bThe data refer to 2003 for Nigeria, 2004 for Zambia and Ghana, 2005 for Tanzania and 2006 for Malawi
^cThe figures on imports refer to 5-year averages
^dThe reason we report on ‘imports of rice in relation to gross domestic production’ (i.e. imports divided by gross domestic production) instead of the more common variable used in relation to reporting on imports, namely ‘imports of rice as share of domestic consumption’ (i.e. imports divided by gross domestic production plus/and imports), is that the former is more appropriate in relation to the statistical modelling we shall carry out
^eThe figures refer to 2001 and 2007, respectively, at constant 2000 USD PPP values

ISSN: 2048-7010