Household characteristics | ||||||||
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Country | Tanzania | Ethiopia | Nicaragua | |||||
District | Kongwa | Mvomero | Lushoto | Yabello | Atsbi | Boaco | Matagalpa | |
Population characteristics | Males | 154,843 | 149,221 | 30,236 | 487,000 | 53,659 | 19,057 | 23,381 |
Females | 157,266 | 160,752 | 262,205 | 475,400 | 58,682 | 20,035 | 23,036 | |
Total population | 309,109 | 312,109 | 492,441 | 962,400 | 112,341 | 39,092 | 46,417 | |
Total Ag HH | 50,735 | 58,314 | 94,075 | 174,474 | 26,425 | 7,058 | 8,828 | |
Average HH size | 5 | 4 | 4.7 | 7 | 5 | 5.5 | 5.2 | |
% female-headed HH | 29 | 19 | 26 | 28 | 15–30 | 44 | 23 | |
Average HH income (USD) | Average HH income | 320 | 1,095 | 1,018 | 400 | 487 | N/A | N/A |
Male-headed HH | 386 | 1,253 | 1,097 | 428 | 615 | N/A | N/A | |
Female-headed HH | 153 | 463 | 580 | 272 | 358 | N/A | N/A | |
Agro-ecology | Semi-arid climate with great variability in rainfall | Semi-arid climate/comprised of three agro-ecological zones | Montane climate with a bimodal rainfall pattern (800–2,000 mm per annum) | Drought-prone semi-arid pastoral rangeland. Highly variable spatial and temporal features. Bimodal rainfall ranging between 300 and 900 mm per annum | Mild temperatures. Variable topography—mountains alternating with wide plains. Highly eroded slopes. Intense rainfall of short duration (annual average 668 mm) | Irregular mountainous topography. Diverse climate including grasslands and tropical forest | Extensive forests with high annual rainfall (1,200–1,900 mm per annum) | |
Ag production system | Rain-fed subsistence farming, mixed crop /livestock, agro-pastoralism | Rain-fed subsistence farming, mixed crop/livestock, agro-pastoralism | Mixed crop/livestock, rain-fed agriculture and irrigation agriculture, agro-pastoralism | Mostly livestock production, with some crop farming | Rain-fed agriculture with minimal irrigation. Predominantly crop production with modest livestock holdings | Mixed crop/livestock. Cattle production predominantly based on permanent grazing of naturalized grasslands. Rainfall and irrigation agriculture | Mixed crop/livestock. Cattle production predominantly based on permanent grazing of naturalized grasslands. Rainfall and irrigation agriculture | |
Villages/communities in the study | 1. Masinyeti 2. Ihanda | 1. Wami Luhindo 2. Wami Dakawa 3. Wami Sokoine 4. Mayinga | 1. Lwandai 2. Viti Lushoto | Elwoye | 1. Golgol Neale 2. Habes 3. Gebrekidan | Camoapa | Matiguás |