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Table 5 Marginal effects associated with the food security model

From: Household adoption of soil-improving practices and food insecurity in Ghana

Independent variables

Marginal effect

Standard error

z

p> | z|

95% confidence interval

Chronic food insecure

 Adoption of soil imp.

-0.011

0.031

-0.370

0.714

-0.073

0.050

 Chemical fertilizer

-0.076

0.050

-1.520

0.128

-0.173

0.022

 Commercial seed

-0.051

0.042

-1.220

0.223

-0.134

0.031

 Herbicides

-0.043

0.049

-0.880

0.381

-0.138

0.053

 Insecticide

0.065

0.036

1.780

0.076

-0.007

0.136

 Medium-quality soil

-0.200

0.065

-3.080

0.002

-0.327

-0.073

 Off-farm activity

-0.022

0.024

-0.880

0.377

-0.069

0.026

 Seasonal lease

0.007

0.032

0.210

0.836

-0.056

0.069

 Share cropping

0.035

0.058

0.600

0.551

-0.079

0.149

 Income

-0.001

0.001

-1.620

0.105

-0.002

0.000

 Education level

-0.030

0.029

-1.020

0.307

-0.087

0.027

 Household size

-0.001

0.006

-0.090

0.929

-0.012

0.011

 Age of house head

-0.001

0.001

-0.760

0.446

-0.003

0.001

 Extension service

0.033

0.025

1.310

0.189

-0.016

0.082

Seasonal food insecure

 Adoption of soil imp.

-0.025

0.064

-0.390

0.694

-0.150

0.100

 Chemical fertilizer

-0.093

0.040

-2.340

0.019

-0.171

-0.015

 Commercial seed

-0.092

0.058

-1.590

0.112

-0.206

0.022

 Herbicides

-0.065

0.046

-1.400

0.161

-0.155

0.026

 Insecticide

0.122

0.059

2.080

0.037

0.007

0.237

 Medium-quality soil

-0.222

0.071

-3.130

0.002

-0.361

-0.083

 Off-farm activity

-0.061

0.081

-0.750

0.451

-0.219

0.097

 Seasonal lease

0.016

0.080

0.200

0.842

-0.141

0.173

 Share cropping

0.056

0.063

0.900

0.371

-0.067

0.179

 Income

-0.002

0.001

-1.630

0.104

-0.005

0.000

 Education level

-0.060

0.050

-1.200

0.229

-0.158

0.038

 Household size

-0.001

0.014

-0.090

0.929

-0.029

0.026

 Age of house head

-0.002

0.002

-0.770

0.440

-0.006

0.003

 Extension service

0.101

0.092

1.100

0.272

-0.079

0.281

Vulnerable food insecure

 Adoption of soil imp.

0.018

0.046

0.380

0.703

-0.073

0.108

 Chemical fertilizer

0.085

0.042

2.020

0.043

0.003

0.168

 Commercial seed

0.070

0.049

1.430

0.153

-0.026

0.165

 Herbicides

0.054

0.048

1.110

0.268

-0.041

0.149

 Insecticide

-0.089

0.044

-2.030

0.042

-0.175

-0.003

 Medium-quality soil

0.187

0.049

3.840

0.000

0.092

0.282

 Off-farm activity

0.037

0.046

0.820

0.413

-0.052

0.127

 Seasonal lease

-0.011

0.052

-0.200

0.839

-0.113

0.092

 Share cropping

-0.045

0.062

-0.720

0.470

-0.168

0.077

 Income

0.002

0.001

1.630

0.104

0.000

0.003

 Education level

0.043

0.039

1.130

0.260

-0.032

0.119

 Household size

0.001

0.010

0.090

0.929

-0.018

0.019

 Age of house head

0.001

0.002

0.770

0.443

-0.002

0.004

 Extension service

-0.059

0.048

-1.230

0.220

-0.153

0.035

Food secure

 Adoption of soil imp.

0.019

0.049

0.390

0.698

-0.077

0.115

 Chemical fertilizer

0.084

0.037

2.250

0.025

0.011

0.157

 Commercial seed

0.074

0.049

1.510

0.130

-0.022

0.169

 Herbicides

0.054

0.044

1.230

0.220

-0.032

0.140

 Insecticide

-0.098

0.047

-2.060

0.039

-0.191

-0.005

 Medium-quality soil

0.235

0.056

4.200

0.000

0.125

0.345

 Off-farm activity

0.045

0.059

0.760

0.447

-0.071

0.161

 Seasonal lease

-0.012

0.060

-0.200

0.841

-0.129

0.105

 Share cropping

-0.046

0.057

-0.800

0.425

-0.158

0.066

 Income

0.002

0.001

1.680

0.092

0.000

0.004

 Education level

0.046

0.040

1.170

0.240

-0.031

0.124

 Household size

0.001

0.011

0.090

0.929

-0.020

0.022

 Age of house head

0.001

0.002

0.780

0.437

-0.002

0.005

 Extension service

-0.075

0.069

-1.090

0.274

-0.209

0.059

  1. The marginal effects are for the discrete change in the qualitative 0–1 variables.