From: New evidence in the relationship between trade openness and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLES | ADESA | APS | ||||||
ADESA (− 1), | 0.634*** | 0.948*** | 0.879*** | 0.835*** | ||||
(0.027) | (0.007) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |||||
APS (− 1) | 0.632** | 0.839*** | 0.421*** | 0.625*** | ||||
(0.298) | (0.289) | (0.123) | (0.118) | |||||
Openness*governance | 0.284** | 0.253** | ||||||
(0.124) | (0.123) | |||||||
Openness*political | − 0.126*** | − 0.193*** | ||||||
(0.049) | (0.057) | |||||||
Openness*corruption | 0.023*** (0.003) | 0.117* (0.061) | ||||||
Openness*Landlocked | 0.280*** | 0.047*** | ||||||
(0.028) | (0.014) | |||||||
Corruption | − 1.052*** | − 0.102* | ||||||
(0.222) | (0.061) | |||||||
Remittances | 0.293 | 0.140 | 0.336** | 0.273* | 0.600*** | 0.514*** | 0.036 | − 0.077 |
(0.312) | (0.088) | (0.136) | (0.161) | (0.189) | (0.159) | (0.038) | (0.055) | |
Education | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003* | 0.003* | 0.007*** | 0.007*** | -0.000 | 0.002*** |
(0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.001) | |
Log (GDP) | 0.562*** | 0.518*** | 0.899*** | 1.450*** | 0.098 | − 0.022 | 0.092** | − 0.429*** |
(0.112) | (0.062) | (0.225) | (0.181) | (0.129) | (0.138) | (0.042) | (0.068) | |
SAGDP | 0.037*** | 0.044*** | 0.035*** | 0.054*** | − 0.025*** | − 0.041*** | 0.004** | − 0.024*** |
(0.007) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.002) | (0.003) | |
Population growth | -0.317 | 0.095 | -0.261 | 0.398*** | 1.056*** | 1.056*** | − 0.060 | 0.210*** |
(0.198) | (0.095) | (0.227) | (0.149) | (0.201) | (0.217) | (0.057) | (0.051) | |
Natural disasters | − 0.198*** | − 0.142*** | − 0.072*** | (0.222) | − 0.088*** | − 0.068*** | − 0.051*** | 0.287*** |
(0.016) | (0.017) | (0.016) | 0.355* | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.008) | (0.080) | |
Inflation | -0.163*** | -0.153*** | -0.098*** | − 0.087*** | − 0.129*** | − 0.121*** | − 0.173*** | − 0.135*** |
(0.015) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.013) | (0.014) | |
Agri. productivity | 0.006** | 0.003*** | 0.002 | − 0.003 | 0.011*** | 0.012*** | 0.022*** | 0.018*** |
(0.003) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Landlocked | − 1.043*** | 0.002 | − 0.084*** | − 0.043*** | − 0.038** | − 0.018*** | ||
(0.130) | (0.013) | (0.021) | (0.017) | (0.016) | (0.005) | |||
Constant | − 680.47*** | − 528.72*** | − 820.90*** | − 467.29*** | − 304.69** | − 194.61 | -59.58* | 332.97*** |
(130.079) | (70.530) | (212.507) | (166.525) | (128.790) | (132.270) | (35.322) | (60.268) | |
Observations | 458 | 357 | 404 | 404 | 458 | 458 | 404 | 404 |
Number of countries | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Number of instruments f | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
AR1 test | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
AR2 test | 0.984 | 0.946 | 0.172 | 0.895 | 0.568 | 0.301 | 0.099 | 0.193 |
Hansen test | 0.570 | 0.270 | 0.719 | 0.744 | 0.844 | 0.893 | 0.742 | 0.413 |
Diff-Hansen g | 0.490 | 0.830 | 0.641 | 0.167 | 0.897 | 0.859 | 0.262 | 0.299 |